NSG 500: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema.
Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind the edema?
A. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Decreased capillary permeability
D. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In nephrotic syndrome, heavy proteinuria leads to low serum
albumin (hypoalbuminemia), which reduces the plasma colloid oncotic pressure, allowing
fluid to leak into the interstitium.
,2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the early stage of Acute
Kidney Injury (AKI) due to decreased glomerular filtration?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Decreased GFR reduces the kidneys’ ability to excrete
potassium, leading to hyperkalemia, which is a life-threatening complication of AKI.
3. In Diabetes Insipidus (DI), the deficiency of which hormone leads to the excretion of large
volumes of dilute urine?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Oxytocin
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a deficiency of ADH (Central DI)
or a lack of response to it (Nephrogenic DI), resulting in the inability to concentrate urine.
, 4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the initiating event in this process?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
D. Increased Vitamin D activation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: CKD leads to phosphorus retention (hyperphosphatemia) and
decreased activation of Vitamin D, which results in hypocalcemia. Both conditions
stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH.
5. Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate
Antidiuretic Hormone)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Polyuria
C. Serum hypoosmolality
D. Dehydration
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH, causing water retention that
dilutes the blood, leading to hyponatremia and serum hypoosmolality.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema.
Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind the edema?
A. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Decreased capillary permeability
D. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In nephrotic syndrome, heavy proteinuria leads to low serum
albumin (hypoalbuminemia), which reduces the plasma colloid oncotic pressure, allowing
fluid to leak into the interstitium.
,2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the early stage of Acute
Kidney Injury (AKI) due to decreased glomerular filtration?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Decreased GFR reduces the kidneys’ ability to excrete
potassium, leading to hyperkalemia, which is a life-threatening complication of AKI.
3. In Diabetes Insipidus (DI), the deficiency of which hormone leads to the excretion of large
volumes of dilute urine?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Oxytocin
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a deficiency of ADH (Central DI)
or a lack of response to it (Nephrogenic DI), resulting in the inability to concentrate urine.
, 4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the initiating event in this process?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
D. Increased Vitamin D activation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: CKD leads to phosphorus retention (hyperphosphatemia) and
decreased activation of Vitamin D, which results in hypocalcemia. Both conditions
stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH.
5. Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate
Antidiuretic Hormone)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Polyuria
C. Serum hypoosmolality
D. Dehydration
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH, causing water retention that
dilutes the blood, leading to hyponatremia and serum hypoosmolality.
