NSG 500: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. During cellular injury, the depletion of ATP leads to the failure of the sodium-potassium
(Na+/K+) pump. Which of the following is a direct consequence of this pump failure?
A. Cellular swelling due to an influx of sodium and water
B. Intracellular accumulation of potassium
C. Increased extracellular osmotic pressure
D. Active transport of calcium out of the cytosol
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: When ATP is depleted, the Na+/K+ pump fails, leading to an
accumulation of sodium inside the cell. This increases intracellular osmotic pressure,
drawing water into the cell and causing swelling (oncosis).
,2. Which process describes the programmed cell death that occurs without an inflammatory
response, often triggered by the activation of caspases?
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of programmed cell
death that involves caspase activation and does not typically trigger an inflammatory
response, unlike necrosis.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. Which of the following chromosomal
patterns is most consistent with this diagnosis?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 47, XY, +21
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
one extra X chromosome in a male, most commonly resulting in a 47, XXY karyotype.
, 4. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, primarily function to:
A. Alter the base-pair sequence of the DNA
B. Promote the translation of mRNA into proteins
C. Silence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence
D. Increase the frequency of point mutations
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation typically occurs at cytosine bases and leads to
gene silencing, affecting phenotype without changing the underlying genotype/sequence.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause a shortened QT interval and muscle
weakness?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypercalcemia decreases neuromuscular excitability (leading to
weakness) and shortens the ST segment and QT interval on an EKG.
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. During cellular injury, the depletion of ATP leads to the failure of the sodium-potassium
(Na+/K+) pump. Which of the following is a direct consequence of this pump failure?
A. Cellular swelling due to an influx of sodium and water
B. Intracellular accumulation of potassium
C. Increased extracellular osmotic pressure
D. Active transport of calcium out of the cytosol
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: When ATP is depleted, the Na+/K+ pump fails, leading to an
accumulation of sodium inside the cell. This increases intracellular osmotic pressure,
drawing water into the cell and causing swelling (oncosis).
,2. Which process describes the programmed cell death that occurs without an inflammatory
response, often triggered by the activation of caspases?
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of programmed cell
death that involves caspase activation and does not typically trigger an inflammatory
response, unlike necrosis.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. Which of the following chromosomal
patterns is most consistent with this diagnosis?
A. 47, XXY
B. 47, XXX
C. 45, X
D. 47, XY, +21
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
one extra X chromosome in a male, most commonly resulting in a 47, XXY karyotype.
, 4. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, primarily function to:
A. Alter the base-pair sequence of the DNA
B. Promote the translation of mRNA into proteins
C. Silence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence
D. Increase the frequency of point mutations
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation typically occurs at cytosine bases and leads to
gene silencing, affecting phenotype without changing the underlying genotype/sequence.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause a shortened QT interval and muscle
weakness?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypercalcemia decreases neuromuscular excitability (leading to
weakness) and shortens the ST segment and QT interval on an EKG.
