MSN 570 Advanced
Pathophysiology
2026/2027 – Questions,
Answers & Complete
Study Guide
Nephrotic syndrome - answers 100% correct✔✔
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - answers 100%
correct✔✔ Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of
the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that
involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
,Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - answers
100% correct✔✔ When a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - answers 100% correct✔✔ An
inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - answers 100% correct✔✔
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma
proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt
retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid
retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane).
In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that
are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture
of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to glomerular scar formation,
and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - answers 100%
correct✔✔ A common, nonmalignant enlargement of
the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - answers 100% correct✔✔ cancerous
tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major
sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - answers
100% correct✔✔ History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
Pathophysiology
2026/2027 – Questions,
Answers & Complete
Study Guide
Nephrotic syndrome - answers 100% correct✔✔
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - answers 100%
correct✔✔ Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of
the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that
involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
,Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - answers
100% correct✔✔ When a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - answers 100% correct✔✔ An
inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - answers 100% correct✔✔
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma
proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt
retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid
retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane).
In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that
are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture
of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to glomerular scar formation,
and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - answers
100% correct✔✔ refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - answers 100%
correct✔✔ A common, nonmalignant enlargement of
the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - answers 100% correct✔✔ cancerous
tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major
sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - answers
100% correct✔✔ History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
