Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Questions 1–50
1. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for producing ATP?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
2. A patient has severe hypoxemia. Which cellular process is most
directly impaired?
A. DNA transcription
B. Aerobic metabolism
C. Protein digestion
D. Osmosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Oxygen is required for efficient aerobic ATP production.
3. Which process moves water across a selectively permeable
membrane?
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Phagocytosis
,Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis is movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane toward the compartment with greater effective solute
concentration.
4. Which finding is characteristic of cellular hypertrophy?
A. Increased cell size
B. Increased cell number
C. Replacement by scar tissue
D. Cell membrane rupture
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to enlargement of individual cells.
5. Which change is most characteristic of cellular hyperplasia?
A. Increased cell size
B. Increased number of cells
C. Decreased protein synthesis
D. Mitochondrial destruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation.
6. A tissue adapts to chronic irritation by replacing one mature cell type
with another. What is this called?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Necrosis
D. Atrophy
,Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another.
7. Which feature distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Severe inflammation
C. Programmed cell death
D. Immediate membrane rupture
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated, programmed cell death and generally
does not produce the extensive inflammation associated with necrosis.
8. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops muscle wasting.
Which adaptation has occurred?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is reduction in cell size and often tissue mass.
9. Which substance is most directly responsible for maintaining plasma
oncotic pressure?
A. Sodium
B. Albumin
, Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
C. Glucose
D. Urea
Answer: B
Rationale: Albumin is the major plasma protein contributing to colloid
osmotic pressure.
10. Which electrolyte is the major extracellular cation?
A. Potassium
B. Magnesium
C. Sodium
D. Phosphate
Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation.
Genetics and Immune Function
11. A mutation occurs in a gene that controls cell division. What is a
potential consequence?
A. Increased susceptibility to uncontrolled proliferation
B. Guaranteed apoptosis
C. Reduced DNA replication
D. Immediate antibody production
Answer: A
Rationale: Mutations affecting growth-control genes can contribute to
abnormal cell proliferation and cancer.
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Questions 1–50
1. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for producing ATP?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
2. A patient has severe hypoxemia. Which cellular process is most
directly impaired?
A. DNA transcription
B. Aerobic metabolism
C. Protein digestion
D. Osmosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Oxygen is required for efficient aerobic ATP production.
3. Which process moves water across a selectively permeable
membrane?
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Phagocytosis
,Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis is movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane toward the compartment with greater effective solute
concentration.
4. Which finding is characteristic of cellular hypertrophy?
A. Increased cell size
B. Increased cell number
C. Replacement by scar tissue
D. Cell membrane rupture
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to enlargement of individual cells.
5. Which change is most characteristic of cellular hyperplasia?
A. Increased cell size
B. Increased number of cells
C. Decreased protein synthesis
D. Mitochondrial destruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation.
6. A tissue adapts to chronic irritation by replacing one mature cell type
with another. What is this called?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Necrosis
D. Atrophy
,Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another.
7. Which feature distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Severe inflammation
C. Programmed cell death
D. Immediate membrane rupture
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated, programmed cell death and generally
does not produce the extensive inflammation associated with necrosis.
8. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops muscle wasting.
Which adaptation has occurred?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is reduction in cell size and often tissue mass.
9. Which substance is most directly responsible for maintaining plasma
oncotic pressure?
A. Sodium
B. Albumin
, Test Bank – Understanding Pathophysiology,
8th Edition (Huether & McCance) | Latest
2025/2026 Update
C. Glucose
D. Urea
Answer: B
Rationale: Albumin is the major plasma protein contributing to colloid
osmotic pressure.
10. Which electrolyte is the major extracellular cation?
A. Potassium
B. Magnesium
C. Sodium
D. Phosphate
Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation.
Genetics and Immune Function
11. A mutation occurs in a gene that controls cell division. What is a
potential consequence?
A. Increased susceptibility to uncontrolled proliferation
B. Guaranteed apoptosis
C. Reduced DNA replication
D. Immediate antibody production
Answer: A
Rationale: Mutations affecting growth-control genes can contribute to
abnormal cell proliferation and cancer.
