ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2: IMMUNE & CANCER &
HEMATOLOGY LATEST 2027
WITH 380 QUESTIONS AND
EXPERT-VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED
A+ | GUARANTEED PASS
What physiological effects do catecholamines have during acute stress?
They cause vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and increased force of
contraction.
What are the effects of catecholamines during chronic stress?
They decrease natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit macrophage activity, decrease
innate immunity, and increase autoimmune responses.
,What is the role of cortisol in the immune response?
Cortisol suppresses immune cells, making patients on chronic steroids more prone
to infection.
How do cytokines affect serotonin uptake over time?
They reduce serotonin uptake, contributing to mood alterations and may lead to
major depression.
What is allostasis?
It is how stress influences the development of a disease and the adaptive process
that adjusts after acute stress.
What is allostatic load?
The long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body, representing the
cumulative amount of stressors.
What is allostatic overload?
Excessive allostatic load that takes a toll on the body over time.
What are the two main arms of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
,What characterizes innate immunity?
It is nonspecific and serves as the first line of defense, including skin and mucous
membranes.
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
Inflammation.
What is adaptive immunity?
The third line of defense that includes T and B cells, cytokines, and memory cells.
What is active immunity?
Immunity acquired through natural exposure or immunization.
What is passive immunity?
Immunity acquired from maternal antibodies to the fetus.
What is hypersensitivity?
An exaggerated immune response to a particular antigen after pathological re-
exposure.
, What are oncogenes?
Cancer-causing genes that promote uncontrolled growth of cells.
What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes that promote normal cell growth and division; when mutated, they become
oncogenes.
What are tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)?
Also known as antioncogenes, they inhibit tumor progression and prevent
mutations.
What are the two main types of tumor suppressor genes?
Gatekeepers and caretakers.
What is the role of gatekeeper genes?
They regulate cell proliferation and prevent uncontrolled growth.
What is the role of caretaker genes?
They suppress gene mutations and repair DNA.
EXAM 2: IMMUNE & CANCER &
HEMATOLOGY LATEST 2027
WITH 380 QUESTIONS AND
EXPERT-VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED
A+ | GUARANTEED PASS
What physiological effects do catecholamines have during acute stress?
They cause vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and increased force of
contraction.
What are the effects of catecholamines during chronic stress?
They decrease natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit macrophage activity, decrease
innate immunity, and increase autoimmune responses.
,What is the role of cortisol in the immune response?
Cortisol suppresses immune cells, making patients on chronic steroids more prone
to infection.
How do cytokines affect serotonin uptake over time?
They reduce serotonin uptake, contributing to mood alterations and may lead to
major depression.
What is allostasis?
It is how stress influences the development of a disease and the adaptive process
that adjusts after acute stress.
What is allostatic load?
The long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body, representing the
cumulative amount of stressors.
What is allostatic overload?
Excessive allostatic load that takes a toll on the body over time.
What are the two main arms of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
,What characterizes innate immunity?
It is nonspecific and serves as the first line of defense, including skin and mucous
membranes.
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
Inflammation.
What is adaptive immunity?
The third line of defense that includes T and B cells, cytokines, and memory cells.
What is active immunity?
Immunity acquired through natural exposure or immunization.
What is passive immunity?
Immunity acquired from maternal antibodies to the fetus.
What is hypersensitivity?
An exaggerated immune response to a particular antigen after pathological re-
exposure.
, What are oncogenes?
Cancer-causing genes that promote uncontrolled growth of cells.
What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes that promote normal cell growth and division; when mutated, they become
oncogenes.
What are tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)?
Also known as antioncogenes, they inhibit tumor progression and prevent
mutations.
What are the two main types of tumor suppressor genes?
Gatekeepers and caretakers.
What is the role of gatekeeper genes?
They regulate cell proliferation and prevent uncontrolled growth.
What is the role of caretaker genes?
They suppress gene mutations and repair DNA.
