Sarah Michelle Live Review (Complete) | 2025/2026 Edition | Real Exam-
Aligned Content, Clinical Pearls & Tested Concepts | FNP & AGNP
1. What are some cultural considerations for African Americans? - ANSWERS-
Healthcare disparities and an increased lack of access to care in comparison to other
ethnicities. May believe that sin can cause illness and religion is an important aspect
of their care to ask them about.
2. What are common signs and symptoms of GERD? - ANSWERS-Heart burn, sore
throat, regurgitation, chest pain, cough
3. What are risk factors for GERD? - ANSWERS-Smoking, obesity, pregnancy and aging
4. What is some patient education that should done for GERD? - ANSWERS-Sitting up
after you eat, drink fluids with meals, weight loss, avoid caffeine and spicy foods
5. What is first line treatment for GERD? - ANSWERS-H2 blockers for mild symptoms
and PPI for severe symptoms
6. What are long term complications of ppis? - ANSWERS-Osteoporosis, cdif, and B12
deficiency anemia
7. Why is it so important for GERD patients to take their PPI or H2 blocker consistently?
- ANSWERS-Patients with frequent acid reflux and that regurgitation into their
esophagus put them at a high risk for Barret's esophagus
8. What is Barrett's Esophagus? - ANSWERS-High grade dysplasia of the esophagus
itself- this is going to put them at an increased risk for esophageal cancer down the
road
9. What are the 2 types of ulcers in peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWERS-Gastric ulcer- in
the stomach, and duodenal ulcer- ulcer in the first part of the small intestine
10. What are the 2 main causes of peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWERS-H. Pylori and nsaids
11. What are common signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain is
increased by eating
12. What are common signs and symptoms of duodenal ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain
relieved by eating, pain occurs 1-3 hours after eating
13. What is H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-Type of bacteria that can inflame and irritate your
stomach lining, and make you more prone to developing ulcers.
14. What is the most accurate way to diagnose an H. Pylori infection? - ANSWERS-1. Fecal
antigen test
2. Urea breath test
, 3. Serum antibody test
15. What needs to be considered or done when completing a urea breath test for
diagnosis of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-Patient must hold ppis and H2 blockers for at least
2 weeks before taking urea breath test, to avoid getting a false result.
16. What needs to be considered when ordering serum antibody test for diagnosis of H.
Pylori? - ANSWERS-If the patient has had H. Pylori in the past, their serum antibody
will always test positive, this may not be indicating a current infection.
17. How should we treat PUD when it is NOT due to H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-ppis and H2
Blockers
H2 blockers are not as strong as ppis, but if we are going to have to treat patient for a
longer duration, we will probably go H2 blocker route
18. What is triple therapy for treatment of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-2 antibiotics + PPI for 2
weeks
Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin + PPI
**If PCN allergy then Flagyl
19. What is quadruple therapy for treatment of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-PPI, Tetracycline,
Flagyl, Bismuth Salt x 2 weeks
20. Where and how does the pancreas work? - ANSWERS-Located in LUQ
Serve 2 main functions: Aids in digestion and helps regulate your blood glucose levels
21. What causes pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Digestive enzymes that the pancreas releases
to start digestion actually digest the pancreas itself, which leads to a lot of
inflammation and a lot of pain.
22. What are some main causes of pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Alcoholism, gallstones
blocking that pancreatic duct, high calcium in the blood, or high triglycerides
23. What labs are indicative of pancreatic function? - ANSWERS-Amylase and lipase
24. What 2 clinical signs are associated with pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Cullen's sign and
Turner's sign
25. What is Cullen's sign? - ANSWERS-Bluish discoloration around the belly button
Cullen=Center
Indicates intra-abdominal bleeding, necrotizing pancreatitis- EMERGENCY
26. What is Turner's signs? - ANSWERS-Bluish discoloration on the patient's flank
TURN the patient over to see their flank
Indicates intra-abdominal bleeding, necrotizing pancreatitis- EMERGENCY
,27. What is the treatment of pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Treat the cause, manage the
symptoms in the in-between, refer if indicated
Allow pancreas to rest, NPO status- pancreas is going to stop producing those
digestive enzymes
Pain control and hydration
28. What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? - ANSWERS-Viral etiology
29. What symptoms might a patient with gastroenteritis present with? - ANSWERS-
Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, ***look for signs of overall
dehydration
30. Gastroenteritis- how do we diagnosis it? - ANSWERS-Look at overall clinical picture:
Basic lab work: CBC, CMP, UA
Stool studies: Stool culture, occult blood, C Dif, and stool for ova and parasites
31. What is the basics of treatment of gastroenteritis? - ANSWERS-Hydration, manage
their symptoms- antiemetics, anti-diarrheal, and BRAT diet- bananas, rice,
applesauce, and toast
32. What is treatment for Salmonella, Shigella, E. Coli, and Campylobacter? - ANSWERS-
Fluoroquinolones OR Macrolides
33. What is treatment for Giardia? - ANSWERS-Flagyl
34. What is C. Dif? - ANSWERS-Antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut flora, which allows
for C Dif to grow like crazy. A frequent, odorous diarrhea with lots of abdominal
cramping.
C Dif is spore that can live in the environment and it is CONTAGIOUS!
35. What is the treatment of cdif? - ANSWERS-Discontinue whatever antibiotic that led
to this occurring and start them on Vancomycin.
36. What are some examples of ppis? - ANSWERS-All the -prazoles
Omeprazole and pantoprazole
37. What are common indications for ppis? - ANSWERS-First line treatment for GERD,
ulcer treatment and H. Pylori treatment
38. When should a patient take a PPI? - ANSWERS-Before first meal of the day
39. What are some examples of H2 Blockers? - ANSWERS-All the -tidines
Ranitidine, famotidine
40. What are H2 blockers used for? - ANSWERS-First line treatment for GERD, treats
ulcers
, 41. What H2 blocker to be avoided when prescribing and why? - ANSWERS-Cimetidine
(Tagamet) it tends to have a lot more drug drug interactions than other H2 blockers
42. What labs are indicated when prescribing a patient H2 blocker? Why? - ANSWERS-
lfts and CBC
These drugs can decrease platelet count and rarely cause liver dysfunction
43. What is an example of an antacid? - ANSWERS-TUMS- typically used PRN and are
available OTC
44. Why are antacids not considered first line treatment? - ANSWERS-These provide
symptom relief, they do not treat underlying problem.
45. How to antacids work? - ANSWERS-Tone down the acidity for the patient which
ultimately gives them relief of symptoms
46. Antacids are most effective when taken how many minutes before a meal? -
ANSWERS-30 minutes
47. Antacids with calcium or aluminum may cause what? - ANSWERS-Constipation- this
is a consideration especially in the elderly population
48. Antacids with magnesium may cause what? - ANSWERS-Diarrhea
49. When should sucralafate be taken? - ANSWERS-Before meals, to allow for it to coat
the stomach lining for protection
50. How does sucralafate work? - ANSWERS-Coats the entire stomach lining. This
protective coating ideally will not allow for ulcers to occur or for ones that already
exist to be irritated by whatever you're about to ingest. It truly adheres to those ulcer
sites to protect them.
51. What is sucralafate typically used for? - ANSWERS-Maintenance therapy for
duodenal ulcers. Typically used short-term for < 8 weeks or less.
52. When administering Zofran, we need to use a reduced dose in what patients? -
ANSWERS-Patient with hepatic impairment
53. When taking Zofran what hear issue may occur? - ANSWERS-QT prolongation-
especially in patients on higher doses or on medication long term
54. How does Zofran work? - ANSWERS-by blocking serotonin- so it is a serotonin
receptor antagonist
55. How does Compazine work? - ANSWERS-Blocking the dopamine receptors inside
your brain. These dopamine receptors are what lead to the patient feeling nauseous.
Aligned Content, Clinical Pearls & Tested Concepts | FNP & AGNP
1. What are some cultural considerations for African Americans? - ANSWERS-
Healthcare disparities and an increased lack of access to care in comparison to other
ethnicities. May believe that sin can cause illness and religion is an important aspect
of their care to ask them about.
2. What are common signs and symptoms of GERD? - ANSWERS-Heart burn, sore
throat, regurgitation, chest pain, cough
3. What are risk factors for GERD? - ANSWERS-Smoking, obesity, pregnancy and aging
4. What is some patient education that should done for GERD? - ANSWERS-Sitting up
after you eat, drink fluids with meals, weight loss, avoid caffeine and spicy foods
5. What is first line treatment for GERD? - ANSWERS-H2 blockers for mild symptoms
and PPI for severe symptoms
6. What are long term complications of ppis? - ANSWERS-Osteoporosis, cdif, and B12
deficiency anemia
7. Why is it so important for GERD patients to take their PPI or H2 blocker consistently?
- ANSWERS-Patients with frequent acid reflux and that regurgitation into their
esophagus put them at a high risk for Barret's esophagus
8. What is Barrett's Esophagus? - ANSWERS-High grade dysplasia of the esophagus
itself- this is going to put them at an increased risk for esophageal cancer down the
road
9. What are the 2 types of ulcers in peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWERS-Gastric ulcer- in
the stomach, and duodenal ulcer- ulcer in the first part of the small intestine
10. What are the 2 main causes of peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWERS-H. Pylori and nsaids
11. What are common signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain is
increased by eating
12. What are common signs and symptoms of duodenal ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain
relieved by eating, pain occurs 1-3 hours after eating
13. What is H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-Type of bacteria that can inflame and irritate your
stomach lining, and make you more prone to developing ulcers.
14. What is the most accurate way to diagnose an H. Pylori infection? - ANSWERS-1. Fecal
antigen test
2. Urea breath test
, 3. Serum antibody test
15. What needs to be considered or done when completing a urea breath test for
diagnosis of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-Patient must hold ppis and H2 blockers for at least
2 weeks before taking urea breath test, to avoid getting a false result.
16. What needs to be considered when ordering serum antibody test for diagnosis of H.
Pylori? - ANSWERS-If the patient has had H. Pylori in the past, their serum antibody
will always test positive, this may not be indicating a current infection.
17. How should we treat PUD when it is NOT due to H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-ppis and H2
Blockers
H2 blockers are not as strong as ppis, but if we are going to have to treat patient for a
longer duration, we will probably go H2 blocker route
18. What is triple therapy for treatment of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-2 antibiotics + PPI for 2
weeks
Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin + PPI
**If PCN allergy then Flagyl
19. What is quadruple therapy for treatment of H. Pylori? - ANSWERS-PPI, Tetracycline,
Flagyl, Bismuth Salt x 2 weeks
20. Where and how does the pancreas work? - ANSWERS-Located in LUQ
Serve 2 main functions: Aids in digestion and helps regulate your blood glucose levels
21. What causes pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Digestive enzymes that the pancreas releases
to start digestion actually digest the pancreas itself, which leads to a lot of
inflammation and a lot of pain.
22. What are some main causes of pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Alcoholism, gallstones
blocking that pancreatic duct, high calcium in the blood, or high triglycerides
23. What labs are indicative of pancreatic function? - ANSWERS-Amylase and lipase
24. What 2 clinical signs are associated with pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Cullen's sign and
Turner's sign
25. What is Cullen's sign? - ANSWERS-Bluish discoloration around the belly button
Cullen=Center
Indicates intra-abdominal bleeding, necrotizing pancreatitis- EMERGENCY
26. What is Turner's signs? - ANSWERS-Bluish discoloration on the patient's flank
TURN the patient over to see their flank
Indicates intra-abdominal bleeding, necrotizing pancreatitis- EMERGENCY
,27. What is the treatment of pancreatitis? - ANSWERS-Treat the cause, manage the
symptoms in the in-between, refer if indicated
Allow pancreas to rest, NPO status- pancreas is going to stop producing those
digestive enzymes
Pain control and hydration
28. What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? - ANSWERS-Viral etiology
29. What symptoms might a patient with gastroenteritis present with? - ANSWERS-
Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, ***look for signs of overall
dehydration
30. Gastroenteritis- how do we diagnosis it? - ANSWERS-Look at overall clinical picture:
Basic lab work: CBC, CMP, UA
Stool studies: Stool culture, occult blood, C Dif, and stool for ova and parasites
31. What is the basics of treatment of gastroenteritis? - ANSWERS-Hydration, manage
their symptoms- antiemetics, anti-diarrheal, and BRAT diet- bananas, rice,
applesauce, and toast
32. What is treatment for Salmonella, Shigella, E. Coli, and Campylobacter? - ANSWERS-
Fluoroquinolones OR Macrolides
33. What is treatment for Giardia? - ANSWERS-Flagyl
34. What is C. Dif? - ANSWERS-Antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut flora, which allows
for C Dif to grow like crazy. A frequent, odorous diarrhea with lots of abdominal
cramping.
C Dif is spore that can live in the environment and it is CONTAGIOUS!
35. What is the treatment of cdif? - ANSWERS-Discontinue whatever antibiotic that led
to this occurring and start them on Vancomycin.
36. What are some examples of ppis? - ANSWERS-All the -prazoles
Omeprazole and pantoprazole
37. What are common indications for ppis? - ANSWERS-First line treatment for GERD,
ulcer treatment and H. Pylori treatment
38. When should a patient take a PPI? - ANSWERS-Before first meal of the day
39. What are some examples of H2 Blockers? - ANSWERS-All the -tidines
Ranitidine, famotidine
40. What are H2 blockers used for? - ANSWERS-First line treatment for GERD, treats
ulcers
, 41. What H2 blocker to be avoided when prescribing and why? - ANSWERS-Cimetidine
(Tagamet) it tends to have a lot more drug drug interactions than other H2 blockers
42. What labs are indicated when prescribing a patient H2 blocker? Why? - ANSWERS-
lfts and CBC
These drugs can decrease platelet count and rarely cause liver dysfunction
43. What is an example of an antacid? - ANSWERS-TUMS- typically used PRN and are
available OTC
44. Why are antacids not considered first line treatment? - ANSWERS-These provide
symptom relief, they do not treat underlying problem.
45. How to antacids work? - ANSWERS-Tone down the acidity for the patient which
ultimately gives them relief of symptoms
46. Antacids are most effective when taken how many minutes before a meal? -
ANSWERS-30 minutes
47. Antacids with calcium or aluminum may cause what? - ANSWERS-Constipation- this
is a consideration especially in the elderly population
48. Antacids with magnesium may cause what? - ANSWERS-Diarrhea
49. When should sucralafate be taken? - ANSWERS-Before meals, to allow for it to coat
the stomach lining for protection
50. How does sucralafate work? - ANSWERS-Coats the entire stomach lining. This
protective coating ideally will not allow for ulcers to occur or for ones that already
exist to be irritated by whatever you're about to ingest. It truly adheres to those ulcer
sites to protect them.
51. What is sucralafate typically used for? - ANSWERS-Maintenance therapy for
duodenal ulcers. Typically used short-term for < 8 weeks or less.
52. When administering Zofran, we need to use a reduced dose in what patients? -
ANSWERS-Patient with hepatic impairment
53. When taking Zofran what hear issue may occur? - ANSWERS-QT prolongation-
especially in patients on higher doses or on medication long term
54. How does Zofran work? - ANSWERS-by blocking serotonin- so it is a serotonin
receptor antagonist
55. How does Compazine work? - ANSWERS-Blocking the dopamine receptors inside
your brain. These dopamine receptors are what lead to the patient feeling nauseous.
