NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 3 PREP (ENDOCRINE,
RESPIRATORY, AND GI FOCUS)
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
(2026/ 2027 UPDATE)- CHAMBERLAIN
1. A 55-year-old patient with Type 2 Diabetes is started on Metformin. Which lab value is
most critical to monitor due to the risk of lactic acidosis?
A. Serum amylase
B. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
C. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
D. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is renally excreted and its accumulation increases the
risk of lactic acidosis. It is contraindicated when the GFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73m2.
2. Which of the following GLP-1 receptor agonists has been shown to reduce the risk of major
adverse cardiovascular events in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?
A. Liraglutide
B. Exenatide
,C. Lixisenatide
D. Sitagliptin
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Liraglutide (Victoza) has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in
the LEADER trial. Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, not a GLP-1 agonist.
3. A patient with hypothyroidism is prescribed Levothyroxine. What instruction is most
important regarding its administration?
A. Take on an empty stomach, at least 30-60 minutes before breakfast
B. Take at bedtime with a full glass of milk
C. Take with a high-fiber meal to improve absorption
D. Take simultaneously with calcium supplements to protect bone density
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Levothyroxine absorption is significantly decreased by food,
calcium, and iron. It should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning.
4. Which medication is preferred for the treatment of hyperthyroidism during the first
trimester of pregnancy?
A. Methimazole
B. Radioactive Iodine
C. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
, D. Amiodarone
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: PTU is preferred in the first trimester because Methimazole is
associated with birth defects like aplasia cutis. Methimazole is often used in the second and
third trimesters.
5. What is the Black Box Warning associated with the use of Long-Acting Beta-2 Agonists
(LABAs) as monotherapy in asthma?
A. Increased risk of asthma-related death
B. Increased risk of myocardial infarction
C. Risk of severe hepatotoxicity
D. Risk of sudden tendon rupture
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: LABAs should never be used as monotherapy in asthma because
they increase the risk of asthma-related death; they must be used in combination with an
inhaled corticosteroid (ICS).
6. A patient using an Inhaled Corticosteroid (ICS) for asthma presents with white patches in
the mouth. What is the most likely cause?
A. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
B. Bacterial pharyngitis
EXAM 3 PREP (ENDOCRINE,
RESPIRATORY, AND GI FOCUS)
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
(2026/ 2027 UPDATE)- CHAMBERLAIN
1. A 55-year-old patient with Type 2 Diabetes is started on Metformin. Which lab value is
most critical to monitor due to the risk of lactic acidosis?
A. Serum amylase
B. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
C. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
D. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is renally excreted and its accumulation increases the
risk of lactic acidosis. It is contraindicated when the GFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73m2.
2. Which of the following GLP-1 receptor agonists has been shown to reduce the risk of major
adverse cardiovascular events in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?
A. Liraglutide
B. Exenatide
,C. Lixisenatide
D. Sitagliptin
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Liraglutide (Victoza) has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in
the LEADER trial. Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, not a GLP-1 agonist.
3. A patient with hypothyroidism is prescribed Levothyroxine. What instruction is most
important regarding its administration?
A. Take on an empty stomach, at least 30-60 minutes before breakfast
B. Take at bedtime with a full glass of milk
C. Take with a high-fiber meal to improve absorption
D. Take simultaneously with calcium supplements to protect bone density
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Levothyroxine absorption is significantly decreased by food,
calcium, and iron. It should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning.
4. Which medication is preferred for the treatment of hyperthyroidism during the first
trimester of pregnancy?
A. Methimazole
B. Radioactive Iodine
C. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
, D. Amiodarone
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: PTU is preferred in the first trimester because Methimazole is
associated with birth defects like aplasia cutis. Methimazole is often used in the second and
third trimesters.
5. What is the Black Box Warning associated with the use of Long-Acting Beta-2 Agonists
(LABAs) as monotherapy in asthma?
A. Increased risk of asthma-related death
B. Increased risk of myocardial infarction
C. Risk of severe hepatotoxicity
D. Risk of sudden tendon rupture
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: LABAs should never be used as monotherapy in asthma because
they increase the risk of asthma-related death; they must be used in combination with an
inhaled corticosteroid (ICS).
6. A patient using an Inhaled Corticosteroid (ICS) for asthma presents with white patches in
the mouth. What is the most likely cause?
A. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
B. Bacterial pharyngitis
