NU 650 Advanced Health Assessment | Regis University | Academic
Year 2026/2027 | Examination 3 Comprehensive Examination |
Verified Questions and Correct Answer Rationales
1. Explain the transmission patters for X linked recessive disorders? Autosomal
dominant? Autosomal recessive? - ANSWERS-X-linked recessive: alleles for disorder
carried on x chromosome. Although recessive, occur in heterozygous males who lack
the matching normal gene on the Y chromosome. Females are carriers when they are
heterozygous. Mother carrier and normal father = 50% normal and 50% affected.
Autosomal Dominant: Presence of defect in only one allele produces clinical
expression = 50% affected with normal and affected parent. No carriers only affected.
(example: Huntington's, Marfan, adult polycystic kidney disease). Autosomal
recessive: need to inherit defect from both parents (homozygous) to express. 25%
affected, 50% carriers, 25% normal.
2. Where are acupoints typically located? - ANSWERS-lie in the tendon and muscular
region deep below the skin surface; ; 1-2 mm for ears and face, up to 3 in. For heavily
muscled areas.
3. What is milk-alkali syndrome and what electrolyte imbalance can result - ANSWERS-
Associated with increased milk and antacid intake, which may also elevate serum
calcium levels, hypercalcemia. (metabolic alkalosis)
4. What is meant by synergistic effects of drugs? Antagonistic effects of drugs? -
ANSWERS-Synergism means that the effect of the combination may be increased
much more than expected. Synergistic can be life threatening causing hemorrhage or
coma. Antagonism means greatly decreased. An interaction between two or more
drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the
individual effects of each drug. A synergistic effect can be beneficial or harmful.
Antagonistic effects of drugs? An interaction between two or more drugs that
have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce the
effectiveness of one or more of the drugs
5. What are the benefits of palliative treatment? - ANSWERS-Intended to reduce the
manifestation and complications related to the cancer and to prolong life. Ex:
decreasing size of tumor may lesson pressure on nerve, relieving pain, or reduce
pressure on esophagus. Symptom management. Palliative care reduces
manifestations and complications of illness and can prolong life. Puts patient's
desire and goals first, Helps patients and families understand treatment plans,
pain and symptom control, improves quality of life, less unnecessary hospital
visits.
6. Why do infants have a higher need for water in the body? (Not referring to feeding and
infant water, but body composition.) - ANSWERS-The bodies of infants and young
children contain more water (75%) than those of adults and are more vulnerable to
dehydration(1). They have a larger surface area in relation to weight (surface-to-
, volume ratio) than do adult bodies, which allows for greater water loss through the
skin.
7. What is the process of Rh incompatibility? - ANSWERS-Develops when the Rh factor
antigens on fetal red blood cells differ from those on maternal red blood cells. Results
when the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. During first pregnancy
there are usually no problems unless the mother has been exposed to Rh-positive
blood at some prior time through a blood product or abortion. At the end of the first
pregnancy, when the placenta tears during delivery, some Rh-positive fetal blood
enters the maternal circulation, stimulating the formation of antibodies to Rh-positive
cells in the mother. During subsequent pregnancies, the maternal Rh antibodies
cross the placenta to the fetus. This results in antigen-antibody reaction in the fetus
destroys the fetal red blood cells. Hemolysis of red blood cells leads to severe anemia
or low hemoglobin and possible heart failure and death in the child. Hemolysis also
causes high serum bilirubin levels in the child, resulting in jaundice and potential
neurologic damage (kernicterus) as bilirubin enters the brain.
8. What are the consequences of prolonged diarrhea - ANSWERS-Life threatening
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and
loss of bicarbonate resulting in metabolic acidosis.
9. What are preventative measures of cancer? - ANSWERS-Limiting sun exposure,
ensuring regular medical and dental examinations and screening, or altering diet,
exercise, no smoking, moderation with alcohol, no exposure to harmful toxins,
chemicals, or radiation
10. What are different things that can impact serum potassium levels in the body? -
ANSWERS-Food, insulin, acid-base balance, medications such as diuretics,
excessive losses from the body due to diarrhea, presence of excessive aldosterone or
glucocorticoid in the body decreased dietary intake from alcoholism. Eating
disorders, or starvation
11. What are local effects of an expanding tumor mass? - ANSWERS-Pain (late stages),
obstruction, tissue necrosis and ulceration.
12. What is the most common tumor suppressor gene defect? - ANSWERS-The most
common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells involves P53. More
than half of all types of human tumors lack functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling.
Rb, DC, and APC are not the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified
in cancer cells.
13. What are warning signs for cancer? - ANSWERS-1. Unusual bleeding or discharge
anywhere in the body, 2. Change in bowel or bladder habits (prolonged diarrhea or
discomfort), 3. A change in a wart or mole, 4. A sore that does not heal, 5. Unexplained
weight loss, 5. Anemia or low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue, 7. Persistent cough
or hoarseness without reason. 8. A solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes
or anywhere in the body.
Year 2026/2027 | Examination 3 Comprehensive Examination |
Verified Questions and Correct Answer Rationales
1. Explain the transmission patters for X linked recessive disorders? Autosomal
dominant? Autosomal recessive? - ANSWERS-X-linked recessive: alleles for disorder
carried on x chromosome. Although recessive, occur in heterozygous males who lack
the matching normal gene on the Y chromosome. Females are carriers when they are
heterozygous. Mother carrier and normal father = 50% normal and 50% affected.
Autosomal Dominant: Presence of defect in only one allele produces clinical
expression = 50% affected with normal and affected parent. No carriers only affected.
(example: Huntington's, Marfan, adult polycystic kidney disease). Autosomal
recessive: need to inherit defect from both parents (homozygous) to express. 25%
affected, 50% carriers, 25% normal.
2. Where are acupoints typically located? - ANSWERS-lie in the tendon and muscular
region deep below the skin surface; ; 1-2 mm for ears and face, up to 3 in. For heavily
muscled areas.
3. What is milk-alkali syndrome and what electrolyte imbalance can result - ANSWERS-
Associated with increased milk and antacid intake, which may also elevate serum
calcium levels, hypercalcemia. (metabolic alkalosis)
4. What is meant by synergistic effects of drugs? Antagonistic effects of drugs? -
ANSWERS-Synergism means that the effect of the combination may be increased
much more than expected. Synergistic can be life threatening causing hemorrhage or
coma. Antagonism means greatly decreased. An interaction between two or more
drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the
individual effects of each drug. A synergistic effect can be beneficial or harmful.
Antagonistic effects of drugs? An interaction between two or more drugs that
have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce the
effectiveness of one or more of the drugs
5. What are the benefits of palliative treatment? - ANSWERS-Intended to reduce the
manifestation and complications related to the cancer and to prolong life. Ex:
decreasing size of tumor may lesson pressure on nerve, relieving pain, or reduce
pressure on esophagus. Symptom management. Palliative care reduces
manifestations and complications of illness and can prolong life. Puts patient's
desire and goals first, Helps patients and families understand treatment plans,
pain and symptom control, improves quality of life, less unnecessary hospital
visits.
6. Why do infants have a higher need for water in the body? (Not referring to feeding and
infant water, but body composition.) - ANSWERS-The bodies of infants and young
children contain more water (75%) than those of adults and are more vulnerable to
dehydration(1). They have a larger surface area in relation to weight (surface-to-
, volume ratio) than do adult bodies, which allows for greater water loss through the
skin.
7. What is the process of Rh incompatibility? - ANSWERS-Develops when the Rh factor
antigens on fetal red blood cells differ from those on maternal red blood cells. Results
when the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. During first pregnancy
there are usually no problems unless the mother has been exposed to Rh-positive
blood at some prior time through a blood product or abortion. At the end of the first
pregnancy, when the placenta tears during delivery, some Rh-positive fetal blood
enters the maternal circulation, stimulating the formation of antibodies to Rh-positive
cells in the mother. During subsequent pregnancies, the maternal Rh antibodies
cross the placenta to the fetus. This results in antigen-antibody reaction in the fetus
destroys the fetal red blood cells. Hemolysis of red blood cells leads to severe anemia
or low hemoglobin and possible heart failure and death in the child. Hemolysis also
causes high serum bilirubin levels in the child, resulting in jaundice and potential
neurologic damage (kernicterus) as bilirubin enters the brain.
8. What are the consequences of prolonged diarrhea - ANSWERS-Life threatening
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and
loss of bicarbonate resulting in metabolic acidosis.
9. What are preventative measures of cancer? - ANSWERS-Limiting sun exposure,
ensuring regular medical and dental examinations and screening, or altering diet,
exercise, no smoking, moderation with alcohol, no exposure to harmful toxins,
chemicals, or radiation
10. What are different things that can impact serum potassium levels in the body? -
ANSWERS-Food, insulin, acid-base balance, medications such as diuretics,
excessive losses from the body due to diarrhea, presence of excessive aldosterone or
glucocorticoid in the body decreased dietary intake from alcoholism. Eating
disorders, or starvation
11. What are local effects of an expanding tumor mass? - ANSWERS-Pain (late stages),
obstruction, tissue necrosis and ulceration.
12. What is the most common tumor suppressor gene defect? - ANSWERS-The most
common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells involves P53. More
than half of all types of human tumors lack functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling.
Rb, DC, and APC are not the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified
in cancer cells.
13. What are warning signs for cancer? - ANSWERS-1. Unusual bleeding or discharge
anywhere in the body, 2. Change in bowel or bladder habits (prolonged diarrhea or
discomfort), 3. A change in a wart or mole, 4. A sore that does not heal, 5. Unexplained
weight loss, 5. Anemia or low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue, 7. Persistent cough
or hoarseness without reason. 8. A solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes
or anywhere in the body.
