COMPREHENSIVE SHOCK, CARDIAC, AND RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS REVIEW |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is the hallmark of shock? Answer: Lack of adequate perfusion (blood supply) to tissues.
What are the consequences of inadequate tissue perfusion? Answer: Lack of oxygen and
nutrients, leading to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ dysfunction.
What are the primary components required for adequate perfusion? Answer: Adequate blood
volume, intact blood vessels, and a functioning heart.
What is the primary problem for a patient in shock? Answer: Altered tissue perfusion.
What are the types of shock? Answer: Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, neurogenic,
anaphylactic, and septic shock.
What causes hypovolemic shock? Answer: Conditions of low circulating volume, such as blood
loss from trauma, GI bleeding, severe vomiting/diarrhea, and burns.
What is cardiogenic shock? Answer: Decreased cardiac output due to primary cardiac injury or
dysfunction.
What is obstructive shock? Answer: Impairment of circulation due to mechanical obstruction of
blood flow.
What is neurogenic shock? Answer: The rarest form of shock caused by spinal cord injury or
high levels of spinal anesthesia leading to passive vasodilation.
What is anaphylactic shock? Answer: Life-threatening shock resulting from acute allergic
reactions.
What is septic shock? Answer: An inflammatory response that compromises the body's immune
response.
What characterizes distributive shock? Answer: Maldistribution of fluid within the vascular
system, leading to relative hypovolemia without actual volume loss.
What are the signs and symptoms of compensated shock? Answer: Increased heart rate and cool
skin.
What are the signs and symptoms of decompensated shock? Answer: Decreased cardiac output,
confusion, restlessness, diaphoresis, rapid thready pulse, increased respiratory rate, cold clammy
skin, decreased blood pressure, and diminished urine output.
What is irreversible shock? Answer: The third stage of shock from which recovery is
impossible.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock? Answer: Decreased blood pressure,
increased heart rate, tachypnea, oliguria, cool/pale skin, and altered mentation.
What is the primary treatment for hypovolemic shock? Answer: Stop fluid loss and replace
fluids.
What is the first-line treatment for cardiogenic shock? Answer: Restore myocardial function,
often through percutaneous coronary intervention or CABG.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
DISORDERS REVIEW |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is the hallmark of shock? Answer: Lack of adequate perfusion (blood supply) to tissues.
What are the consequences of inadequate tissue perfusion? Answer: Lack of oxygen and
nutrients, leading to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ dysfunction.
What are the primary components required for adequate perfusion? Answer: Adequate blood
volume, intact blood vessels, and a functioning heart.
What is the primary problem for a patient in shock? Answer: Altered tissue perfusion.
What are the types of shock? Answer: Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, neurogenic,
anaphylactic, and septic shock.
What causes hypovolemic shock? Answer: Conditions of low circulating volume, such as blood
loss from trauma, GI bleeding, severe vomiting/diarrhea, and burns.
What is cardiogenic shock? Answer: Decreased cardiac output due to primary cardiac injury or
dysfunction.
What is obstructive shock? Answer: Impairment of circulation due to mechanical obstruction of
blood flow.
What is neurogenic shock? Answer: The rarest form of shock caused by spinal cord injury or
high levels of spinal anesthesia leading to passive vasodilation.
What is anaphylactic shock? Answer: Life-threatening shock resulting from acute allergic
reactions.
What is septic shock? Answer: An inflammatory response that compromises the body's immune
response.
What characterizes distributive shock? Answer: Maldistribution of fluid within the vascular
system, leading to relative hypovolemia without actual volume loss.
What are the signs and symptoms of compensated shock? Answer: Increased heart rate and cool
skin.
What are the signs and symptoms of decompensated shock? Answer: Decreased cardiac output,
confusion, restlessness, diaphoresis, rapid thready pulse, increased respiratory rate, cold clammy
skin, decreased blood pressure, and diminished urine output.
What is irreversible shock? Answer: The third stage of shock from which recovery is
impossible.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock? Answer: Decreased blood pressure,
increased heart rate, tachypnea, oliguria, cool/pale skin, and altered mentation.
What is the primary treatment for hypovolemic shock? Answer: Stop fluid loss and replace
fluids.
What is the first-line treatment for cardiogenic shock? Answer: Restore myocardial function,
often through percutaneous coronary intervention or CABG.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
