ENDOCRINE DISORDERS: HYPERGLYCEMIA, DIABETES,
AND PITUITARY TUMORS |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the classic manifestations of hyperglycemia? Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, blurred vision, fatigue, and warm/dry skin.
What findings suggest severe hyperglycemia/DKA? Answer: Fruity breath, Kussmaul
respirations, dehydration, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and altered LOC.
What are classic manifestations of hypoglycemia? Answer: Sweating, tremors, irritability,
tachycardia, hunger, headache, confusion, seizures, and possible loss of consciousness.
Which usually has a sudden onset, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which typically develops more gradually, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer:
Hyperglycemia.
Which causes cool, clammy skin, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which causes warm, dry skin, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hyperglycemia.
Which causes profuse sweating, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which is associated with polyuria and polydipsia, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer:
Hyperglycemia.
What long-term complications can result from poor glucose control? Answer: Neuropathy,
unhealed wounds, cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy,
and metabolic syndrome.
Type 1 DM results from what pathophysiology? Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells resulting in little to no endogenous insulin.
Why is a patient with Type 1 DM at risk for DKA? Answer: Insulin deficiency prevents glucose
from entering cells, causing fat breakdown, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.
What early findings are expected in Type 1 DM? Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,
fatigue, and weight loss.
What findings suggest DKA in a patient with Type 1 DM? Answer: Kussmaul respirations,
fruity breath odor, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, dehydration, and altered LOC.
What diagnostic fasting glucose value is listed for diabetes? Answer: ≥126 mg/dL.
What random glucose value with symptoms supports diabetes? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL.
What A1C value is diagnostic for diabetes? Answer: ≥6.5%.
What tests may support Type 1 DM? Answer: Positive pancreatic autoantibodies such as
GAD/ICA.
What serum finding is expected when DKA is suspected? Answer: Serum ketones.
What ABG finding is expected in DKA? Answer: Metabolic acidosis.
What is the FIRST major treatment in DKA? Answer: IV fluids.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
AND PITUITARY TUMORS |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the classic manifestations of hyperglycemia? Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, blurred vision, fatigue, and warm/dry skin.
What findings suggest severe hyperglycemia/DKA? Answer: Fruity breath, Kussmaul
respirations, dehydration, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and altered LOC.
What are classic manifestations of hypoglycemia? Answer: Sweating, tremors, irritability,
tachycardia, hunger, headache, confusion, seizures, and possible loss of consciousness.
Which usually has a sudden onset, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which typically develops more gradually, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer:
Hyperglycemia.
Which causes cool, clammy skin, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which causes warm, dry skin, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hyperglycemia.
Which causes profuse sweating, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer: Hypoglycemia.
Which is associated with polyuria and polydipsia, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Answer:
Hyperglycemia.
What long-term complications can result from poor glucose control? Answer: Neuropathy,
unhealed wounds, cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy,
and metabolic syndrome.
Type 1 DM results from what pathophysiology? Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells resulting in little to no endogenous insulin.
Why is a patient with Type 1 DM at risk for DKA? Answer: Insulin deficiency prevents glucose
from entering cells, causing fat breakdown, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.
What early findings are expected in Type 1 DM? Answer: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,
fatigue, and weight loss.
What findings suggest DKA in a patient with Type 1 DM? Answer: Kussmaul respirations,
fruity breath odor, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, dehydration, and altered LOC.
What diagnostic fasting glucose value is listed for diabetes? Answer: ≥126 mg/dL.
What random glucose value with symptoms supports diabetes? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL.
What A1C value is diagnostic for diabetes? Answer: ≥6.5%.
What tests may support Type 1 DM? Answer: Positive pancreatic autoantibodies such as
GAD/ICA.
What serum finding is expected when DKA is suspected? Answer: Serum ketones.
What ABG finding is expected in DKA? Answer: Metabolic acidosis.
What is the FIRST major treatment in DKA? Answer: IV fluids.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
