FOCA question bank, as the authority does not publish one
for public use. The actual exams are drawn from the
European Central Question Bank (ECQB),
Section 1: Air Law (Questions 1–35)
Question 1: According to ICAO Annex 2, what is the definition of "night"?
A) The time between sunset and sunrise
B) The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight
C) The time between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise
D) The time between the end of evening astronomical twilight and the beginning of morning
astronomical twilight
Answer: B
*Rationale:* ICAO Annex 2 defines night as the period between the end of evening civil twilight
and the beginning of morning civil twilight. This is the standard definition used in aviation
regulations.
Question 2: What is the minimum vertical separation between aircraft flying below FL 290 in
RVSM airspace?
A) 500 feet
B) 1000 feet
C) 2000 feet
D) 4000 feet
Answer: B
*Rationale:* Below FL 290, standard vertical separation is 1000 feet. RVSM (Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum) allows 1000 feet between FL 290 and FL 410.
Question 3: Under EASA Part-FCL, what is the minimum age to hold an ATPL?
A) 18 years
B) 21 years
C) 23 years
D) 25 years
Answer: B
*Rationale:* The minimum age to hold an ATPL is 21 years, as specified in EASA Part-FCL.
Question 4: What class of airspace requires ATC clearance for all IFR flights?
A) Class G
B) Class E
C) Class D
D) Class F
,Answer: B
*Rationale:* Class E airspace requires ATC clearance for IFR flights but not for VFR flights.
Question 5: According to EASA regulations, how often must an ATPL holder complete a
proficiency check?
A) Every 6 months
B) Every 12 months
C) Every 24 months
D) Every 36 months
Answer: B
*Rationale:* ATPL holders must complete a proficiency check every 12 months unless they hold
a type rating requiring more frequent checks.
Question 6: What is the definition of "controlled flight into terrain" (CFIT)?
A) An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or obstacles with no prior
awareness by the crew
B) An accident caused by pilot incapacitation
C) An accident caused by structural failure
D) An accident caused by weather
Answer: A
*Rationale:* CFIT occurs when an airworthy aircraft is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or
obstacles with no prior awareness by the crew.
Question 7: What is the minimum fuel requirement for an IFR flight to a destination with no
alternate?
A) Fuel to destination + 30 minutes
B) Fuel to destination + 45 minutes
C) Fuel to destination + 60 minutes
D) Fuel to destination + 90 minutes
Answer: B
*Rationale:* For IFR flights to a destination with no alternate, fuel must include destination plus
45 minutes at holding speed.
Question 8: What does the abbreviation "SID" stand for?
A) Standard Instrument Departure
B) Standard IFR Departure
C) System Instrument Departure
D) Standard In-flight Departure
Answer: A
,*Rationale:* SID stands for Standard Instrument Departure, a published procedure for departing
IFR aircraft.
Question 9: According to ICAO, what is the definition of a "danger area"?
A) An area where activities dangerous to aircraft may exist
B) An area where military operations occur
C) An area where aircraft are prohibited from flying
D) An area where navigation is unreliable
Answer: A
*Rationale:* A danger area is airspace where activities dangerous to aircraft may exist at
specified times.
Question 10: What is the maximum period of validity for an ATPL medical certificate for a pilot
under 40 years of age?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months
Answer: B
*Rationale:* For pilots under 40, a Class 1 medical certificate is valid for 12 months.
Question 11: What is the purpose of a NOTAM?
A) To provide notice of changes to facilities, services, or procedures
B) To provide weather forecasts
C) To provide flight plans
D) To provide aircraft maintenance records
Answer: A
*Rationale:* NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) provides timely information on changes to facilities,
services, or procedures that are not adequately known in advance.
Question 12: What is the definition of "V1" in takeoff performance?
A) The speed at which the aircraft can safely rotate
B) The decision speed at which the pilot must continue or abort the takeoff
C) The speed at which the aircraft becomes airborne
D) The speed for best climb angle
Answer: B
*Rationale:* V1 is the decision speed; if an engine fails before V1, the takeoff should be aborted;
if after V1, the takeoff must continue.
Question 13: What is the minimum height above terrain for VFR flight over congested areas?
, A) 500 feet
B) 1000 feet
C) 1500 feet
D) 2000 feet
Answer: B
*Rationale:* VFR flights over congested areas must maintain at least 1000 feet above the
highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2000 feet.
Question 14: What is the definition of "MEL"?
A) Minimum Equipment List
B) Maximum Equipment List
C) Mandatory Equipment List
D) Maintenance Equipment List
Answer: A
*Rationale:* MEL (Minimum Equipment List) is a list of equipment that may be inoperative while
maintaining an acceptable level of safety.
Question 15: What is the standard separation for aircraft in the same cruising level in controlled
airspace?
A) 500 feet vertically
B) 1000 feet vertically
C) 2000 feet vertically
D) 5 nautical miles horizontally
Answer: B
*Rationale:* Standard vertical separation in controlled airspace is 1000 feet below FL 290.
Question 16: What is the definition of "ETOPS"?
A) Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards
B) Extended Twin Operations
C) Emergency Twin Engine Operations
D) Extended Transport Operations
Answer: A
*Rationale:* ETOPS stands for Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance
Standards, governing twin-engine operations over remote areas.
Question 17: What is the maximum number of hours a pilot may fly in 7 consecutive days?
A) 30 hours
B) 35 hours
C) 40 hours
D) 45 hours
for public use. The actual exams are drawn from the
European Central Question Bank (ECQB),
Section 1: Air Law (Questions 1–35)
Question 1: According to ICAO Annex 2, what is the definition of "night"?
A) The time between sunset and sunrise
B) The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight
C) The time between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise
D) The time between the end of evening astronomical twilight and the beginning of morning
astronomical twilight
Answer: B
*Rationale:* ICAO Annex 2 defines night as the period between the end of evening civil twilight
and the beginning of morning civil twilight. This is the standard definition used in aviation
regulations.
Question 2: What is the minimum vertical separation between aircraft flying below FL 290 in
RVSM airspace?
A) 500 feet
B) 1000 feet
C) 2000 feet
D) 4000 feet
Answer: B
*Rationale:* Below FL 290, standard vertical separation is 1000 feet. RVSM (Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum) allows 1000 feet between FL 290 and FL 410.
Question 3: Under EASA Part-FCL, what is the minimum age to hold an ATPL?
A) 18 years
B) 21 years
C) 23 years
D) 25 years
Answer: B
*Rationale:* The minimum age to hold an ATPL is 21 years, as specified in EASA Part-FCL.
Question 4: What class of airspace requires ATC clearance for all IFR flights?
A) Class G
B) Class E
C) Class D
D) Class F
,Answer: B
*Rationale:* Class E airspace requires ATC clearance for IFR flights but not for VFR flights.
Question 5: According to EASA regulations, how often must an ATPL holder complete a
proficiency check?
A) Every 6 months
B) Every 12 months
C) Every 24 months
D) Every 36 months
Answer: B
*Rationale:* ATPL holders must complete a proficiency check every 12 months unless they hold
a type rating requiring more frequent checks.
Question 6: What is the definition of "controlled flight into terrain" (CFIT)?
A) An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or obstacles with no prior
awareness by the crew
B) An accident caused by pilot incapacitation
C) An accident caused by structural failure
D) An accident caused by weather
Answer: A
*Rationale:* CFIT occurs when an airworthy aircraft is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or
obstacles with no prior awareness by the crew.
Question 7: What is the minimum fuel requirement for an IFR flight to a destination with no
alternate?
A) Fuel to destination + 30 minutes
B) Fuel to destination + 45 minutes
C) Fuel to destination + 60 minutes
D) Fuel to destination + 90 minutes
Answer: B
*Rationale:* For IFR flights to a destination with no alternate, fuel must include destination plus
45 minutes at holding speed.
Question 8: What does the abbreviation "SID" stand for?
A) Standard Instrument Departure
B) Standard IFR Departure
C) System Instrument Departure
D) Standard In-flight Departure
Answer: A
,*Rationale:* SID stands for Standard Instrument Departure, a published procedure for departing
IFR aircraft.
Question 9: According to ICAO, what is the definition of a "danger area"?
A) An area where activities dangerous to aircraft may exist
B) An area where military operations occur
C) An area where aircraft are prohibited from flying
D) An area where navigation is unreliable
Answer: A
*Rationale:* A danger area is airspace where activities dangerous to aircraft may exist at
specified times.
Question 10: What is the maximum period of validity for an ATPL medical certificate for a pilot
under 40 years of age?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months
Answer: B
*Rationale:* For pilots under 40, a Class 1 medical certificate is valid for 12 months.
Question 11: What is the purpose of a NOTAM?
A) To provide notice of changes to facilities, services, or procedures
B) To provide weather forecasts
C) To provide flight plans
D) To provide aircraft maintenance records
Answer: A
*Rationale:* NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) provides timely information on changes to facilities,
services, or procedures that are not adequately known in advance.
Question 12: What is the definition of "V1" in takeoff performance?
A) The speed at which the aircraft can safely rotate
B) The decision speed at which the pilot must continue or abort the takeoff
C) The speed at which the aircraft becomes airborne
D) The speed for best climb angle
Answer: B
*Rationale:* V1 is the decision speed; if an engine fails before V1, the takeoff should be aborted;
if after V1, the takeoff must continue.
Question 13: What is the minimum height above terrain for VFR flight over congested areas?
, A) 500 feet
B) 1000 feet
C) 1500 feet
D) 2000 feet
Answer: B
*Rationale:* VFR flights over congested areas must maintain at least 1000 feet above the
highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2000 feet.
Question 14: What is the definition of "MEL"?
A) Minimum Equipment List
B) Maximum Equipment List
C) Mandatory Equipment List
D) Maintenance Equipment List
Answer: A
*Rationale:* MEL (Minimum Equipment List) is a list of equipment that may be inoperative while
maintaining an acceptable level of safety.
Question 15: What is the standard separation for aircraft in the same cruising level in controlled
airspace?
A) 500 feet vertically
B) 1000 feet vertically
C) 2000 feet vertically
D) 5 nautical miles horizontally
Answer: B
*Rationale:* Standard vertical separation in controlled airspace is 1000 feet below FL 290.
Question 16: What is the definition of "ETOPS"?
A) Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards
B) Extended Twin Operations
C) Emergency Twin Engine Operations
D) Extended Transport Operations
Answer: A
*Rationale:* ETOPS stands for Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance
Standards, governing twin-engine operations over remote areas.
Question 17: What is the maximum number of hours a pilot may fly in 7 consecutive days?
A) 30 hours
B) 35 hours
C) 40 hours
D) 45 hours
