NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND STUDY
GUIDE
◉ While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____
conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. Answer: Bundle of His
◉ Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic
acidosis? A patient with: Answer: Diabetes whose glucoses are
uncontrolled
◉ A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after
his stomach surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50,
HCO3 35. What acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? Answer: Metabolic alkalosis,
compensating
◉ A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results
indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of
the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? Answer: Atrial
fibrillation
◉ A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An
electrocardiogram
,reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when
the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS
complex reflects: Answer: Ventricular activity
◉ Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse
to monitor for hyperkalemia? Answer: metabolic acidosis
◉ A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An
arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following
does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? Answer: hyperventilation
◉ A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The
physician identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular
changes would be
referred to as: Answer: Pathologic hyperplasia
◉ A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The
nurse teaches the patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate
explanation when describing
malignant cells? Answer: Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are
irreversible
◉ A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: Answer: can
spread far from the tissue of origin
,◉ A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue.
What type of cancer does he
have? Answer: adenocarcinoma
◉ When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in
response to an increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: Answer: Increase in size
◉ The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: Answer: programmed
cell death
◉ A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred.
A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell Answer: size
◉ A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks
for cancer. The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are
associated risks for
cancer? Answer: -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
◉ A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is
looking for a tumor marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker? Answer: Enzymes
, ◉ A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with
productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further
questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections
are likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis? Answer: caseous
◉ When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: Answer: Two-
thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body
water is about 60% of body weight.
◉ Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body
fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF)
space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. Answer:
C) Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the
major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to
the sodium-potassium pump.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND STUDY
GUIDE
◉ While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____
conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. Answer: Bundle of His
◉ Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic
acidosis? A patient with: Answer: Diabetes whose glucoses are
uncontrolled
◉ A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after
his stomach surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50,
HCO3 35. What acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? Answer: Metabolic alkalosis,
compensating
◉ A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results
indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of
the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? Answer: Atrial
fibrillation
◉ A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An
electrocardiogram
,reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when
the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS
complex reflects: Answer: Ventricular activity
◉ Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse
to monitor for hyperkalemia? Answer: metabolic acidosis
◉ A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An
arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following
does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? Answer: hyperventilation
◉ A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The
physician identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular
changes would be
referred to as: Answer: Pathologic hyperplasia
◉ A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The
nurse teaches the patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate
explanation when describing
malignant cells? Answer: Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are
irreversible
◉ A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: Answer: can
spread far from the tissue of origin
,◉ A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue.
What type of cancer does he
have? Answer: adenocarcinoma
◉ When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in
response to an increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: Answer: Increase in size
◉ The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: Answer: programmed
cell death
◉ A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred.
A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell Answer: size
◉ A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks
for cancer. The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are
associated risks for
cancer? Answer: -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
◉ A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is
looking for a tumor marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker? Answer: Enzymes
, ◉ A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with
productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further
questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections
are likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis? Answer: caseous
◉ When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: Answer: Two-
thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body
water is about 60% of body weight.
◉ Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body
fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF)
space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. Answer:
C) Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the
major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to
the sodium-potassium pump.
