BIO 669 QUIZ 1 EXAM 2026 UPDATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
what are the cellular receptors of inflammation? - ANS-pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
damage-associated molecular pattern
toll-like receptors
complement receptors
scavenger receptors
NOD-like receptors
What are cytokines? - ANS-responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory
response
What are chemokines? - ANS-response to proinflammatory cytokines
induces chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing.
What are interleukins? - ANS-produced by microphages and lymphocytes.
response to pros and cytokines stimulate inflammation and immune response (a type of
cytokine, cause differintiation of cells, proliferation and adhesion of cells)
What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ANS-Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor
cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
,what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do? - ANS-induce fever by acting as an endogenous
pyrogen
increase synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
What does interferon do? - ANS-protects against viral infection
protects neighboring cells from being infected
why is interferon produced/ released? - ANS-produced and released by virally infected host
cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
what are mast cells? - ANS-cellular bags of granules that are located in loose connective
tissues close to blood vessels
Where are mast cells found? - ANS-skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract
what do mast cells contain? - ANS-histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors (stimulate cell
migration to an area)
Where are basophils found? - ANS-blood
how are chemicals released in mast cells and basophils? - ANS-degranulation (releases particles
from a cell granules) and synthesis, help in immunity release histamine in response to an
antigen
What is degranulation of mast cells? - ANS-the release of contents of mast cell granules
, what is synthesis of mast cells? - ANS-the new production and release of mediators in
response to a stimulus
What is histamine? - ANS-vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction of large
blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venules
swelling, edema, pain, and redness.
What are H1 receptors? - ANS-pro inflammatory
present in smooth muscle cells of bronchi
ie. hay fever.
what are H2 receptors? - ANS-anti-inflammatory
present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa
- induces the secretion of gastric acid
What do leukotrienes do? - ANS-similar to histamine in later stages (asthma, allergic reactions,
sustain inflammatory secretions, found in lungs, gut , kidney) released by mass cells by
allergens and cause bronchoconstiction,
chronic asthma is usally from eosinophiles from smooth muscle twitchyness , are attacted
into bronchials by leukotrienes and when there, produce leukotriene themselves. so, in since
leukotrieans cause asmtha attacks and chronic asthma my hyperactivity of bronchiol smooth
muscle
What do prostaglandins do? - ANS-are like hormones, leukotrienes, also induce pain
promote inflammaiton and help resolve it
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
what are the cellular receptors of inflammation? - ANS-pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
damage-associated molecular pattern
toll-like receptors
complement receptors
scavenger receptors
NOD-like receptors
What are cytokines? - ANS-responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory
response
What are chemokines? - ANS-response to proinflammatory cytokines
induces chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing.
What are interleukins? - ANS-produced by microphages and lymphocytes.
response to pros and cytokines stimulate inflammation and immune response (a type of
cytokine, cause differintiation of cells, proliferation and adhesion of cells)
What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ANS-Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor
cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
,what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do? - ANS-induce fever by acting as an endogenous
pyrogen
increase synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
What does interferon do? - ANS-protects against viral infection
protects neighboring cells from being infected
why is interferon produced/ released? - ANS-produced and released by virally infected host
cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
what are mast cells? - ANS-cellular bags of granules that are located in loose connective
tissues close to blood vessels
Where are mast cells found? - ANS-skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract
what do mast cells contain? - ANS-histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors (stimulate cell
migration to an area)
Where are basophils found? - ANS-blood
how are chemicals released in mast cells and basophils? - ANS-degranulation (releases particles
from a cell granules) and synthesis, help in immunity release histamine in response to an
antigen
What is degranulation of mast cells? - ANS-the release of contents of mast cell granules
, what is synthesis of mast cells? - ANS-the new production and release of mediators in
response to a stimulus
What is histamine? - ANS-vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction of large
blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venules
swelling, edema, pain, and redness.
What are H1 receptors? - ANS-pro inflammatory
present in smooth muscle cells of bronchi
ie. hay fever.
what are H2 receptors? - ANS-anti-inflammatory
present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa
- induces the secretion of gastric acid
What do leukotrienes do? - ANS-similar to histamine in later stages (asthma, allergic reactions,
sustain inflammatory secretions, found in lungs, gut , kidney) released by mass cells by
allergens and cause bronchoconstiction,
chronic asthma is usally from eosinophiles from smooth muscle twitchyness , are attacted
into bronchials by leukotrienes and when there, produce leukotriene themselves. so, in since
leukotrieans cause asmtha attacks and chronic asthma my hyperactivity of bronchiol smooth
muscle
What do prostaglandins do? - ANS-are like hormones, leukotrienes, also induce pain
promote inflammaiton and help resolve it
