NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A –
CHAMBERLAIN
1. Which of the following describes the primary mechanism of action in Type II
hypersensitivity reactions?
A. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
B. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
C. Immune complex deposition in tissues
D. Delayed-type T-cell mediated response
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding
to specific antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation or phagocytosis.
2. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
,C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and an elevated PaCO2
above 45 mmHg indicates the cause is respiratory in nature.
3. What is the physiological role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
A. To decrease blood volume and pressure
B. To promote potassium retention in the distal tubule
C. To stimulate the release of atrial natriuretic peptide
D. To increase blood pressure and extracellular volume
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: RAAS is activated in response to low blood pressure or low renal
blood flow to increase sodium and water reabsorption, thereby increasing blood pressure.
4. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the tall, peaked T-waves
seen on an ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
, D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia affects cardiac repolarization, classically
presenting as tall, peaked T-waves on an electrocardiogram.
5. In heart failure, what does the Frank-Starling Law suggest?
A. Decreased contractility is compensated by peripheral vasodilation
B. The heart rate increases as the blood pressure decreases
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy reduces cardiac output
D. Increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume up to a point
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the stroke volume of the
heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (end-
diastolic volume).
6. Which substance is responsible for the destruction of the alveolar walls in emphysema?
A. Surfactant
B. Elastase
C. Alpha-1 antitrypsin
D. Histamine
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A –
CHAMBERLAIN
1. Which of the following describes the primary mechanism of action in Type II
hypersensitivity reactions?
A. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
B. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
C. Immune complex deposition in tissues
D. Delayed-type T-cell mediated response
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding
to specific antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation or phagocytosis.
2. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
,C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and an elevated PaCO2
above 45 mmHg indicates the cause is respiratory in nature.
3. What is the physiological role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
A. To decrease blood volume and pressure
B. To promote potassium retention in the distal tubule
C. To stimulate the release of atrial natriuretic peptide
D. To increase blood pressure and extracellular volume
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: RAAS is activated in response to low blood pressure or low renal
blood flow to increase sodium and water reabsorption, thereby increasing blood pressure.
4. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the tall, peaked T-waves
seen on an ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
, D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia affects cardiac repolarization, classically
presenting as tall, peaked T-waves on an electrocardiogram.
5. In heart failure, what does the Frank-Starling Law suggest?
A. Decreased contractility is compensated by peripheral vasodilation
B. The heart rate increases as the blood pressure decreases
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy reduces cardiac output
D. Increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume up to a point
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the stroke volume of the
heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (end-
diastolic volume).
6. Which substance is responsible for the destruction of the alveolar walls in emphysema?
A. Surfactant
B. Elastase
C. Alpha-1 antitrypsin
D. Histamine
