APHY 101 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2026 ( IVY TECH) :
150+ MOST-TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus?
ANS: Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of
urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes
no insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANS: Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and
play a big role in physical attraction between people.
Thyroid hormones
ANS: Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones
ANS: PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones
ANS: epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease
digestion
adrenal cortex hormones
ANS: Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones
ANS: Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of
glucagon and insulin
,pineal gland hormone
ANS: Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones
ANS: Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike?
ANS: Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different?
ANS: Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and
insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
What antigens can be found on RBC?
ANS: Antigens A, B, AB, or none.
What antibodies can be found in the plasma?
ANS: Antibodies A, B, AB, or none.
Type A
ANS: Contains A antigens on cell surface and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B
ANS: Contains B antigens on cell surface and anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB
ANS: Contains both A and B antigens on cell surface and no antibodies in plasma
How does aging affect the endocrine system?
ANS: As people get older, their endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular
strength decreases as GH levels decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower
breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin levels decrease, and insulin resistance
may develop.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
ANS: Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in
females.
, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Describe the different formed elements and their origins
ANS: RBCs originate in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which
then differentiate in a process called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the
size of a RBC.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
ANS: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport
oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot
wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC
ANS: 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function?
ANS: It allows them to squeeze through vessel walls and transport oxygen to
tissues
Why might blood volume differ from one person to the next?
ANS: It might differ depending on a person's health and age, and women tend to
have lower blood volume due to their menstrual cycle.
What is hematocrit?
ANS: the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
Neutrophils
ANS: Most abundant WBC; 54-62%. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they
destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
150+ MOST-TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus?
ANS: Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of
urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes
no insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
How are pheromones different than hormones?
ANS: Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and
play a big role in physical attraction between people.
Thyroid hormones
ANS: Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones
ANS: PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones
ANS: epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease
digestion
adrenal cortex hormones
ANS: Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones
ANS: Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of
glucagon and insulin
,pineal gland hormone
ANS: Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones
ANS: Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike?
ANS: Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different?
ANS: Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and
insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
What antigens can be found on RBC?
ANS: Antigens A, B, AB, or none.
What antibodies can be found in the plasma?
ANS: Antibodies A, B, AB, or none.
Type A
ANS: Contains A antigens on cell surface and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B
ANS: Contains B antigens on cell surface and anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB
ANS: Contains both A and B antigens on cell surface and no antibodies in plasma
How does aging affect the endocrine system?
ANS: As people get older, their endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular
strength decreases as GH levels decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower
breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin levels decrease, and insulin resistance
may develop.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
ANS: Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in
females.
, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Describe the different formed elements and their origins
ANS: RBCs originate in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which
then differentiate in a process called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the
size of a RBC.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
ANS: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport
oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot
wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC
ANS: 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function?
ANS: It allows them to squeeze through vessel walls and transport oxygen to
tissues
Why might blood volume differ from one person to the next?
ANS: It might differ depending on a person's health and age, and women tend to
have lower blood volume due to their menstrual cycle.
What is hematocrit?
ANS: the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
Neutrophils
ANS: Most abundant WBC; 54-62%. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they
destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
