BIO101 – GERMANNA COMMUNITY COLLEGE – CHAPTERS 4, 5 & 6
2026/2027 | BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE, EXAM REVIEW & PRACTICE
QUESTIONS
Glycocalyx - Correct answer ✔✔ A layer of polysaccharides that coat the outside of bacteria
cells. If the layer is well organized and not easily washed off it is called a capsule, if not it is
called a slime layer.
Cell Wall - Correct answer ✔✔ Not in all cells. Maintains shape of cell. In plants it is
strengthened by cellulose, in bacteria peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan is made up of
disaccharides and peptide fragments.
Mesosomes - Correct answer ✔✔ Only in prokaryotic cells. A mesosome is an internal pouch
created by the plasma membrane to increase surface area for the attachment of enzymes.
Plasma Membrane - Correct answer ✔✔ Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Regulates the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cytoplasm.
Cell Envelope - Correct answer ✔✔ The plasma membrane, cell wall and glycocalyx.
Cell Surface Area - Correct answer ✔✔ Cells are small due to the fact that having a small size
increases surface area for the exchange of wastes and nutrients.
Cytoplasm - Correct answer ✔✔ Semifluid solution composed of water and both organic and
inorganic molecules as well as enzymes which speed up reactions within the cell. Encased by
plasma membrane.
Red Blood Cells - Correct answer ✔✔ Is isotonic and has 0.9% salinity. Put it in a hypotonic
solution and it will burst, in a hypertonic solution and it will shrivel. The shriveling of any cell
due to being in a hypertonic solution is called crenation.
, Why can't an integral protein flip? - Correct answer ✔✔ Because the ends are hydrophilic and
can't pass through the non-polar solution between the mono-layers.
6 types of membrane proteins - Correct answer ✔✔ 1. Channel proteins: Allow passage of
molecules through membrane.
2. Carrier proteins: Combine with substance to be transported, assists molecules.
3. Cell recognition proteins: Gives chemical ID for cells, helps body identify foreign substances.
4.Receptor proteins: Binds w/messenger molecules and causes cell to respond to message.
5. Enzymatic proteins: Carry out metabolic reactions.
6. Junction proteins: Connect cells to one another so that they can form tissue.
active vs. passive transport - Correct answer ✔✔ Active requires ATP and uses a carrier protein.
Passive requires no ATP and molecule follow concentration gradient.
Passive transport a.k.a diffusion - Correct answer ✔✔ Molecules diffuse across a biological
membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the
concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane. Used by lipid soluble molecules and
gasses as well as non-polar molecules.
Facilitated transport - Correct answer ✔✔ Passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific
carrier proteins, across the membrane down their concentration gradients. It moves from high
to low concentration. Used by some sugars and amino acids.
Active transport - Correct answer ✔✔ The movement of small molecules and ions across the
membrane and up their concentration gradient. Requires carrier protein and ATP. Used by
sugars, amino acids and ions.
Bulk transport - Correct answer ✔✔ The movement of macromolecules either in or out of the
cell by vesicles.
2026/2027 | BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE, EXAM REVIEW & PRACTICE
QUESTIONS
Glycocalyx - Correct answer ✔✔ A layer of polysaccharides that coat the outside of bacteria
cells. If the layer is well organized and not easily washed off it is called a capsule, if not it is
called a slime layer.
Cell Wall - Correct answer ✔✔ Not in all cells. Maintains shape of cell. In plants it is
strengthened by cellulose, in bacteria peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan is made up of
disaccharides and peptide fragments.
Mesosomes - Correct answer ✔✔ Only in prokaryotic cells. A mesosome is an internal pouch
created by the plasma membrane to increase surface area for the attachment of enzymes.
Plasma Membrane - Correct answer ✔✔ Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Regulates the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cytoplasm.
Cell Envelope - Correct answer ✔✔ The plasma membrane, cell wall and glycocalyx.
Cell Surface Area - Correct answer ✔✔ Cells are small due to the fact that having a small size
increases surface area for the exchange of wastes and nutrients.
Cytoplasm - Correct answer ✔✔ Semifluid solution composed of water and both organic and
inorganic molecules as well as enzymes which speed up reactions within the cell. Encased by
plasma membrane.
Red Blood Cells - Correct answer ✔✔ Is isotonic and has 0.9% salinity. Put it in a hypotonic
solution and it will burst, in a hypertonic solution and it will shrivel. The shriveling of any cell
due to being in a hypertonic solution is called crenation.
, Why can't an integral protein flip? - Correct answer ✔✔ Because the ends are hydrophilic and
can't pass through the non-polar solution between the mono-layers.
6 types of membrane proteins - Correct answer ✔✔ 1. Channel proteins: Allow passage of
molecules through membrane.
2. Carrier proteins: Combine with substance to be transported, assists molecules.
3. Cell recognition proteins: Gives chemical ID for cells, helps body identify foreign substances.
4.Receptor proteins: Binds w/messenger molecules and causes cell to respond to message.
5. Enzymatic proteins: Carry out metabolic reactions.
6. Junction proteins: Connect cells to one another so that they can form tissue.
active vs. passive transport - Correct answer ✔✔ Active requires ATP and uses a carrier protein.
Passive requires no ATP and molecule follow concentration gradient.
Passive transport a.k.a diffusion - Correct answer ✔✔ Molecules diffuse across a biological
membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the
concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane. Used by lipid soluble molecules and
gasses as well as non-polar molecules.
Facilitated transport - Correct answer ✔✔ Passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific
carrier proteins, across the membrane down their concentration gradients. It moves from high
to low concentration. Used by some sugars and amino acids.
Active transport - Correct answer ✔✔ The movement of small molecules and ions across the
membrane and up their concentration gradient. Requires carrier protein and ATP. Used by
sugars, amino acids and ions.
Bulk transport - Correct answer ✔✔ The movement of macromolecules either in or out of the
cell by vesicles.
