HLPR222 Final Exam - Practice Questions & Verified Answers
Which of the following is not a common confounding c.) because: age, biological sex and smoking are all the most common confounding
variable? variables because many diseases are directly linked to each of them, but height is
not a common cause of disease.
a.) Age
b.) Biological sex
c.) Height
d.) Smoking
Please match each level of prevention with its correct, 1 matches with d.
corresponding definition. 2 matches with a.
1.) Primary Prevention 3 matches with b.
2.) Secondary Prevention 4 matches with c.
3.) Mid Prevention
4.) Tertiary Preventiond.
a. Prevention during the development/ early stages of the
condition
b.) Is not a real prevention level
c.) Prevention after the condition has occurred
d.) Prevention before a condition occurs
Researchers study the relationship between maintaining b) because the student must first understand that this is a cohort study. Once the
muscle mass in populations over 60 years old and student can identify that this is a cohort study, it should be inferred that relative risk
consumption of protein supplements. 100 elderly is the measure of association for this kind of study design. Odds ratio, population at
individuals who have no protein supplementation added to risk, and incidence rates are not appropriate for this study design.
their diet are compared to 100 elderly individuals who add
25-30g of whey protein supplements. Over four years, fat-
free mass gained is assessed and interpreted.
a.) Odds ratio
b.) Relative Risk
c.) incidence
d.) population at risk
Which of the following could be a correct odds ratio d.) because an odds ratio interpretation compares the odds of observing an
interpretation? outcome between people who are exposed and people who are not exposed. The
other options listed present variations with incorrect wording (i.e. "more likely to") or
a.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times interpret the value as a relative risk, so the final option is the only odds ratio
more likely to have lung cancer as people who do not interpretation that is correct in its entirety.
smoke cigarettes.
b.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to be newly diagnosed with lung cancer over a period
of 5 years compared to people who do not smoke
cigarettes.
c.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to be newly diagnosed with lung cancer as people
who do not smoke cigarettes.
d.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to have lung cancer as people who do not smoke
cigarettes.
Which of these is NOT a component of a Randomized C.) because the study sample should not vary in a RCT, it should be as alike as
Control Trial? possible for the proper study design. This helps to ensure the conclusions will be
correct.
A.) masking
B.) random assignment of intervention/ control
C.) include people who are very different in the study
sample
D.) similar measurement of outcomes in
intervention/control groups
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, HLPR222 Final Exam - Practice Questions & Verified Answers
A study was carried out to look at the relationship between A.) because a case-control study compares individuals with a certain outcome (in
daily caffeine use during pregnancy and the occurrence of this case, low birth weight infants) to a control group of individuals who do not have
low birth weight. Researchers recruited 100 women who the disease (women with normal birth weight infants). The researchers next collect
had low birth weight infants and 100 women who had information from both groups regarding the exposure of interest (daily caffeine
normal birth weight infants. Participants were asked to usage during pregnancy) to see if there is a link between the exposure and the
share specific information regarding their caffeine outcome.
consumption during their pregnancies. What type of study
is this?
a) Case-control study
b) Cohort study
c) Experimental study
d)Cross-sectional study
Which area of epidemiology is ecological studies? b.) because analytical epidemiology takes a broad approach to data collected,
which is what ecological studies do.
a) Statistical analysis
b) Analytical epidemiology
c) Intervention studies
d)Descriptive epidemiology
Gypsy Rose Blanchard is a victim of her mother, Dee Dee B.) because a case report is focused on one person. This is a hypothesis-
Blanchard, who it turned out had made Gypsy a lifelong generating study focusing on a new symptom and exposure that has not been
victim of her Munchausen syndrome by proxy. In the case heavily researched before so that researchers can study the psychological and
of Gypsy Rose Blanchard, the best study design would be: social effects of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
A) Ecologic Studies
B) Case Report
C) Case Series
D) Cohort Study
The Hills Causality Criteria includes all of the following C.) because the Hills Causality Criteria include strength of association, consistency,
except specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, and analogy. Bias
is an alternate explanation for associations.
A) Consistency
B) Temporality
C) Bias
D) Plausibility
Odds ratio is used for which studies? A.)
a) Case control Relative risk is used for cohort and RCT studies. Interventional is not the correct
b) Cohort answer because RCTs are a form of interventional studies.
c) Randomized control trials
d) Interventional
Abnormal levels across a wide area, usually the globe B.) Pandemic is the correct answer because it occurs in a very wide area
describe which of the following levels of disease (worldwide), affecting a large number of people. This means that they are abnormal
occurrence? levels.
a) Endemic
b) Pandemic
c) Epidemic
d) Outbreak
When identifying potential confounders, how do we know if c.) because and 2 only include one, but it has to be both the OR and RR. And it is
the variable is associated with the exposure? not 4 because the OR/RR needs to not equal 1.
a.) The OR between the confounder and exposure needs
to equal 1
b.) The RR between the confounder and exposure needs
to not equal 0
c.) The OR/RR between the confounder and exposure
needs to not equal 1
d.) The OR/RR between the confounder and exposure
needs to equal 1
Stuvia 2026-2027
, HLPR222 Final Exam - Practice Questions & Verified Answers
Which study design, where subjects are randomly d.) because randomized control trials involve the random assignment of subjects
assigned to exposures, should be used to measure the into control and intervention groups in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the
efficacy of a new drug to treat COVID-19? supposed intervention.
a.) Ecologic study
b.) Cross-sectional study
c.) Case-control study
d.) Randomized control trial
A group wants to look at the relationship between diet and a.) This is a case control study because people with the disease(outcome) are
diabetes. They looked at 100 people with local people with identified first and then surveyed to compare exposures to those of a similar
diabetes and then found another 100 people of a similar demographic but without the identified outcome.
demographic without diabetes. They surveyed everyone's Case Control Study=Odds Ratio
eating habits and found that 70 of the participants with OR = (AD)/(BC)
diabetes had a high sugar diet. On the other hand, 15 of OR = (7085)/(1530)=13.2
the participants without diabetes had a high sugar diet.
Decide whether you would use Odds Ratio or Relative
Risk to analyze this study data and calculate the value.
a.) OR: 13.2
b.) RR: 13.2
c.) OR: 3.2
d.) RR: 3.2
After being injured in a car accident, a man has surgery to c.) Physical therapy is considered tertiary prevention because it occurs after the
repair his injuries. After the surgery he is prescribed a main disease/injury and it is used to help minimize or prevent further/lasting
physical therapy regime to help him regain mobility. What damage.
type of prevention is physical therapy an example of?
a.) Primary
b.) Secondary
c.) Tertiary
d.) Quaternary
What is the only study type that eliminates all b.) because the purpose of randomized control trials is to eliminate confounding.
confounding? When we randomize exposures, other variables are also randomly distributed
throughout the population within the study. Therefore, any other variable other than
a.) Cohort Study the one being studied can't distort the association between exposure and outcome.
b.) Randomized Control Trial
c.) Case Control Study
d.) Cross Sectional
Which is NOT a potential source of bias? C.)
There are 4 types of bias that fall under 2 categories of bias. Under selection bias is
a.) loss to follow-up loss to follow-up and selection bias. Errors in self-report is an example of
b.) random misclassification misclassification. Depending on the nature of the error, it might be random or
c.) being within the causal chain nonrandom. Being within the causal chain is something that determines that a
d.) nonrandom misclassification variable is not a confounder.
e.) errors in self report
f.) None of the above
Match the following types of preventions to their correct 1 = C and D
example (s) 2=A
3=B
1. Primary Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
B. Physical therapy
A. Screening
C. Vaccination
D. Healthy Eating
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Which of the following is not a common confounding c.) because: age, biological sex and smoking are all the most common confounding
variable? variables because many diseases are directly linked to each of them, but height is
not a common cause of disease.
a.) Age
b.) Biological sex
c.) Height
d.) Smoking
Please match each level of prevention with its correct, 1 matches with d.
corresponding definition. 2 matches with a.
1.) Primary Prevention 3 matches with b.
2.) Secondary Prevention 4 matches with c.
3.) Mid Prevention
4.) Tertiary Preventiond.
a. Prevention during the development/ early stages of the
condition
b.) Is not a real prevention level
c.) Prevention after the condition has occurred
d.) Prevention before a condition occurs
Researchers study the relationship between maintaining b) because the student must first understand that this is a cohort study. Once the
muscle mass in populations over 60 years old and student can identify that this is a cohort study, it should be inferred that relative risk
consumption of protein supplements. 100 elderly is the measure of association for this kind of study design. Odds ratio, population at
individuals who have no protein supplementation added to risk, and incidence rates are not appropriate for this study design.
their diet are compared to 100 elderly individuals who add
25-30g of whey protein supplements. Over four years, fat-
free mass gained is assessed and interpreted.
a.) Odds ratio
b.) Relative Risk
c.) incidence
d.) population at risk
Which of the following could be a correct odds ratio d.) because an odds ratio interpretation compares the odds of observing an
interpretation? outcome between people who are exposed and people who are not exposed. The
other options listed present variations with incorrect wording (i.e. "more likely to") or
a.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times interpret the value as a relative risk, so the final option is the only odds ratio
more likely to have lung cancer as people who do not interpretation that is correct in its entirety.
smoke cigarettes.
b.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to be newly diagnosed with lung cancer over a period
of 5 years compared to people who do not smoke
cigarettes.
c.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to be newly diagnosed with lung cancer as people
who do not smoke cigarettes.
d.) People who regularly smoke cigarettes are 16 times as
likely to have lung cancer as people who do not smoke
cigarettes.
Which of these is NOT a component of a Randomized C.) because the study sample should not vary in a RCT, it should be as alike as
Control Trial? possible for the proper study design. This helps to ensure the conclusions will be
correct.
A.) masking
B.) random assignment of intervention/ control
C.) include people who are very different in the study
sample
D.) similar measurement of outcomes in
intervention/control groups
Stuvia 2026-2027
, HLPR222 Final Exam - Practice Questions & Verified Answers
A study was carried out to look at the relationship between A.) because a case-control study compares individuals with a certain outcome (in
daily caffeine use during pregnancy and the occurrence of this case, low birth weight infants) to a control group of individuals who do not have
low birth weight. Researchers recruited 100 women who the disease (women with normal birth weight infants). The researchers next collect
had low birth weight infants and 100 women who had information from both groups regarding the exposure of interest (daily caffeine
normal birth weight infants. Participants were asked to usage during pregnancy) to see if there is a link between the exposure and the
share specific information regarding their caffeine outcome.
consumption during their pregnancies. What type of study
is this?
a) Case-control study
b) Cohort study
c) Experimental study
d)Cross-sectional study
Which area of epidemiology is ecological studies? b.) because analytical epidemiology takes a broad approach to data collected,
which is what ecological studies do.
a) Statistical analysis
b) Analytical epidemiology
c) Intervention studies
d)Descriptive epidemiology
Gypsy Rose Blanchard is a victim of her mother, Dee Dee B.) because a case report is focused on one person. This is a hypothesis-
Blanchard, who it turned out had made Gypsy a lifelong generating study focusing on a new symptom and exposure that has not been
victim of her Munchausen syndrome by proxy. In the case heavily researched before so that researchers can study the psychological and
of Gypsy Rose Blanchard, the best study design would be: social effects of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
A) Ecologic Studies
B) Case Report
C) Case Series
D) Cohort Study
The Hills Causality Criteria includes all of the following C.) because the Hills Causality Criteria include strength of association, consistency,
except specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, and analogy. Bias
is an alternate explanation for associations.
A) Consistency
B) Temporality
C) Bias
D) Plausibility
Odds ratio is used for which studies? A.)
a) Case control Relative risk is used for cohort and RCT studies. Interventional is not the correct
b) Cohort answer because RCTs are a form of interventional studies.
c) Randomized control trials
d) Interventional
Abnormal levels across a wide area, usually the globe B.) Pandemic is the correct answer because it occurs in a very wide area
describe which of the following levels of disease (worldwide), affecting a large number of people. This means that they are abnormal
occurrence? levels.
a) Endemic
b) Pandemic
c) Epidemic
d) Outbreak
When identifying potential confounders, how do we know if c.) because and 2 only include one, but it has to be both the OR and RR. And it is
the variable is associated with the exposure? not 4 because the OR/RR needs to not equal 1.
a.) The OR between the confounder and exposure needs
to equal 1
b.) The RR between the confounder and exposure needs
to not equal 0
c.) The OR/RR between the confounder and exposure
needs to not equal 1
d.) The OR/RR between the confounder and exposure
needs to equal 1
Stuvia 2026-2027
, HLPR222 Final Exam - Practice Questions & Verified Answers
Which study design, where subjects are randomly d.) because randomized control trials involve the random assignment of subjects
assigned to exposures, should be used to measure the into control and intervention groups in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the
efficacy of a new drug to treat COVID-19? supposed intervention.
a.) Ecologic study
b.) Cross-sectional study
c.) Case-control study
d.) Randomized control trial
A group wants to look at the relationship between diet and a.) This is a case control study because people with the disease(outcome) are
diabetes. They looked at 100 people with local people with identified first and then surveyed to compare exposures to those of a similar
diabetes and then found another 100 people of a similar demographic but without the identified outcome.
demographic without diabetes. They surveyed everyone's Case Control Study=Odds Ratio
eating habits and found that 70 of the participants with OR = (AD)/(BC)
diabetes had a high sugar diet. On the other hand, 15 of OR = (7085)/(1530)=13.2
the participants without diabetes had a high sugar diet.
Decide whether you would use Odds Ratio or Relative
Risk to analyze this study data and calculate the value.
a.) OR: 13.2
b.) RR: 13.2
c.) OR: 3.2
d.) RR: 3.2
After being injured in a car accident, a man has surgery to c.) Physical therapy is considered tertiary prevention because it occurs after the
repair his injuries. After the surgery he is prescribed a main disease/injury and it is used to help minimize or prevent further/lasting
physical therapy regime to help him regain mobility. What damage.
type of prevention is physical therapy an example of?
a.) Primary
b.) Secondary
c.) Tertiary
d.) Quaternary
What is the only study type that eliminates all b.) because the purpose of randomized control trials is to eliminate confounding.
confounding? When we randomize exposures, other variables are also randomly distributed
throughout the population within the study. Therefore, any other variable other than
a.) Cohort Study the one being studied can't distort the association between exposure and outcome.
b.) Randomized Control Trial
c.) Case Control Study
d.) Cross Sectional
Which is NOT a potential source of bias? C.)
There are 4 types of bias that fall under 2 categories of bias. Under selection bias is
a.) loss to follow-up loss to follow-up and selection bias. Errors in self-report is an example of
b.) random misclassification misclassification. Depending on the nature of the error, it might be random or
c.) being within the causal chain nonrandom. Being within the causal chain is something that determines that a
d.) nonrandom misclassification variable is not a confounder.
e.) errors in self report
f.) None of the above
Match the following types of preventions to their correct 1 = C and D
example (s) 2=A
3=B
1. Primary Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
B. Physical therapy
A. Screening
C. Vaccination
D. Healthy Eating
Stuvia 2026-2027
