,Import Settings:
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
Midterm Exam
True/False
1. True or False? Research in the population health sciences often seeks to answer questions about
community health profiles, risk factors for disease, clinical effectiveness, and the impact of intervention.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Clinical and Population Health Research
Subject: Chapter 1
2. True or False? The critical questions to ask before committing to a particular research project are
captured by the acronym PICOT.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: One Study Goal
Subject: Chapter 4
3. True or False? No one senior researcher, or even a team of research coaches, can provide all of the
professional mentorship that a rising researcher requires.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Finding Research Mentors
Subject: Chapter 5
4. True or False? A technical editor who cleans up the grammar and spelling in a manuscript would be
eligible for authorship of a research paper.
Ans: False
,Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
5. True or False? When designing a research study, the first critical decision is whether to collect new
data from individuals, use existing data, or write a review article.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Studies
Subject: Chapter 7
6. True or False? A cross-sectional study provides a snapshot of the health status of a population at one
point in time.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Introduction
Subject: Chapter 9
7. True or False? Because information is collected from individuals at multiple points in time, researchers
can know with certainty which exposures were present in individual participants before onset of new
disease.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Overview
Subject: Chapter 11
8. True or False? When the goal of the experiment is to test whether a new therapy is better than a
current one, it is appropriate to compare the new therapy to a placebo.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Selecting Controls
Subject: Chapter 12
9. True or False? A quantitative study looks for the themes and measures that emerge from the
observation of and interaction with key informants.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Introduction
Subject: Chapter 13
,10. True or False? The internal due dates set by the research team will need to be stringent and inflexible
in order for the study to be analyzed and completed in a timely fashion.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Research Timelines
Subject: Chapter 16
11. True or False? When a greater proportion of the total population is sampled for inclusion in the
estimation of mean age, the confidence interval for the mean age will be wider because there is greater
certainty about the sample mean being close to the population mean.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Sample Size and Certainty Levels
Subject: Chapter 20
12. True or False? The main limitation of closed-ended questions is that they may force respondents to
select answers that do not truly express their status or opinions.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Types of Questions
Subject: Chapter 21
13. True or False? Cronbach’s alpha and the Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 are both measures of
internal consistency among questionnaire items.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Reliability and Validity
Chapter 21
14. True or False? Asking participants to complete their self-administered questionnaires at the same
place and time can generate a lot of data quickly.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Interviews Versus Self-Administered Surveys
Subject: Chapter 22
,15. True or False? Each interviewer should have the opportunity to participate in several mock interviews
from start to finish, including the informed consent process.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Training Interviewers
Subject: Chapter 22
Multiple Choice
1. For experimental studies, which of the following is the group of individuals, communities, or
organizations that will be examined?
A) Variables
B) Population
C) Control group
D) Participants
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Exposures, Diseases, and Populations (EDPs)
Subject: Chapter 2
2. Which acronym is especially helpful for addressing clinical research questions and designing
intervention studies and serves as an alternative approach to framing a research question?
A) DAEMON
B) PICOT
C) SMART
D) MeSH
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: PICOT
Subject: Chapter 2
3. A full reference for the document being reviewed, a brief summary of the article or report, and a note
about the resource’s potential relevance to the new study is the minimum to be included in which of the
following?
A) Grant proposal
B) Abstract
C) Annotated bibliography
D) AMA citations
Ans: C
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Annotated Bibliographies
,Subject: Chapter 3
4. Every research project has the possibility of contributing to advancing a field of research when it
addresses which of the following?
A) New areas of research
B) Gaps in the literature
C) The presence of bias
D) Confounding of variables
Ans: B
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: What Makes Research Original?
Subject: Chapter 3
5. For what study approach will the research have great freedom in selecting study topics but may
struggle to recruit adequate numbers of participants?
A) Primary study
B) Secondary study
C) Tertiary study
D) Cohort study
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Studies
Subject: Chapter 7
6. For students, what is the first step in conducting scientific research?
A) Developing a focused research question
B) Identifying an area of original research
C) Identifying a professor or other experienced researcher to serve as a mentor
D) Find one or more senior colleagues who are willing to serve as formal or informal mentors
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Research Teams
Subject: Chapter 5
7. According to criteria listed in ICMJE’s Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and
Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, which of the following criteria must a researcher meet
to earn coauthorship?
A) Conduct interviews for the project
B) Analyze blood samples of patients included in clinical trials
C) Draft the article and/or provide critical revisions of the intellectual content
D) Clean up grammar and spelling in a manuscript
,Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
8. Which of the following is required to earn authorship of a research report?
A) Designing the study
B) Conducting the experiment
C) Analyzing the data
D) Writing the research report
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
9. Under what circumstances would it be helpful to consider other factors during decision-making,
including expected duration and cost of the study, the populations available for inclusion in the study, and
the possible availability of existing data?
A) When an experimental design is chosen
B) When an observational design is chosen
C) When several different study designs are appropriate
D) When a systematic review or meta-analysis is the best approach
Ans: C
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Types of Study Approaches
Subject Chapter 7
10. If the goal of the study is to understand populations, to describe patterns, or to ask research questions
that are not focused on causality, what is likely the only suitable study design?
A) Systematic review
B) Meta-analysis
C) Experimental design
D) Observational design
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Observational and Experimental Studies
Subject Chapter 7
11. When medical records will be consulted as part of the data collection process, it is often helpful to
create which of the following that guides the extraction of information from medical records?
A) Posters
,B) Questionnaires
C) Spreadsheets
D) Databases
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Data Collection
Subject: Chapter 8
12. What type of study is used to study individual participants over a lengthy period of time?
A) Repeated cross-sectional study
B) KAP survey
C) Longitudinal study
D) Meta-analysis
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys
Subject: Chapter 9
13. Which of the following is a row-by-column table that displays the counts of how often various
combinations of events happen?
A) Contingency table
B) Two-by-two table
C) One-way table
D) Manifold table
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Odds Ratios
Subject: Chapter 10
14. Which of the following are derived from the same tables used to calculate odds ratios?
A) Chi-square tests
B) Morbidity rates
C) Prevalence rates
D) Kappa statistics
Ans: A
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Analysis: Odds Ratios
Subject: Chapter 10
15. Which of the following is the first step for a prospective cohort study that will recruit participants based
on exposure status?
,A) Identify two accessible source populations
B) Select a source population
C) Identify a source of existing records that can provide baseline data of adequate quality
D) Identify an existing source of data
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Prospective Cohort Studies
Subject: Chapter 11
16. What type of experimental study would aim to demonstrate the intervention is not worse than the
control?
A) Superiority trial
B) Inferiority trial
C) Equivalence trial
D) Noninferiority trial
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Defining Outcomes
Subject: Chapter 12
17. Randomization eliminates what type of bias that may occur when people with different backgrounds,
such as different exposure histories, are not equally distributed across treatment arms?
A) Assessment bias
B) Recall bias
C) Misclassification bias
D) Allocation bias
Ans: D
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Randomization
Subject: Chapter 12
18. Under which paradigm do researchers assume that reality is situational and it is acceptable to use
any and all research tools and frameworks to try to understand a particular problem so it can be
addressed?
A) Ontology
B) Constructivism
C) Pragmatism
D) Post-Positivism
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Theoretical Paradigms
Subject: Chapter 13
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
Midterm Exam
True/False
1. True or False? Research in the population health sciences often seeks to answer questions about
community health profiles, risk factors for disease, clinical effectiveness, and the impact of intervention.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Clinical and Population Health Research
Subject: Chapter 1
2. True or False? The critical questions to ask before committing to a particular research project are
captured by the acronym PICOT.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: One Study Goal
Subject: Chapter 4
3. True or False? No one senior researcher, or even a team of research coaches, can provide all of the
professional mentorship that a rising researcher requires.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Finding Research Mentors
Subject: Chapter 5
4. True or False? A technical editor who cleans up the grammar and spelling in a manuscript would be
eligible for authorship of a research paper.
Ans: False
,Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
5. True or False? When designing a research study, the first critical decision is whether to collect new
data from individuals, use existing data, or write a review article.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Studies
Subject: Chapter 7
6. True or False? A cross-sectional study provides a snapshot of the health status of a population at one
point in time.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Introduction
Subject: Chapter 9
7. True or False? Because information is collected from individuals at multiple points in time, researchers
can know with certainty which exposures were present in individual participants before onset of new
disease.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Overview
Subject: Chapter 11
8. True or False? When the goal of the experiment is to test whether a new therapy is better than a
current one, it is appropriate to compare the new therapy to a placebo.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Selecting Controls
Subject: Chapter 12
9. True or False? A quantitative study looks for the themes and measures that emerge from the
observation of and interaction with key informants.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Introduction
Subject: Chapter 13
,10. True or False? The internal due dates set by the research team will need to be stringent and inflexible
in order for the study to be analyzed and completed in a timely fashion.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Research Timelines
Subject: Chapter 16
11. True or False? When a greater proportion of the total population is sampled for inclusion in the
estimation of mean age, the confidence interval for the mean age will be wider because there is greater
certainty about the sample mean being close to the population mean.
Ans: False
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Sample Size and Certainty Levels
Subject: Chapter 20
12. True or False? The main limitation of closed-ended questions is that they may force respondents to
select answers that do not truly express their status or opinions.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Types of Questions
Subject: Chapter 21
13. True or False? Cronbach’s alpha and the Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 are both measures of
internal consistency among questionnaire items.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Reliability and Validity
Chapter 21
14. True or False? Asking participants to complete their self-administered questionnaires at the same
place and time can generate a lot of data quickly.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Interviews Versus Self-Administered Surveys
Subject: Chapter 22
,15. True or False? Each interviewer should have the opportunity to participate in several mock interviews
from start to finish, including the informed consent process.
Ans: True
Complexity: Easy
Ahead: Training Interviewers
Subject: Chapter 22
Multiple Choice
1. For experimental studies, which of the following is the group of individuals, communities, or
organizations that will be examined?
A) Variables
B) Population
C) Control group
D) Participants
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Exposures, Diseases, and Populations (EDPs)
Subject: Chapter 2
2. Which acronym is especially helpful for addressing clinical research questions and designing
intervention studies and serves as an alternative approach to framing a research question?
A) DAEMON
B) PICOT
C) SMART
D) MeSH
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: PICOT
Subject: Chapter 2
3. A full reference for the document being reviewed, a brief summary of the article or report, and a note
about the resource’s potential relevance to the new study is the minimum to be included in which of the
following?
A) Grant proposal
B) Abstract
C) Annotated bibliography
D) AMA citations
Ans: C
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Annotated Bibliographies
,Subject: Chapter 3
4. Every research project has the possibility of contributing to advancing a field of research when it
addresses which of the following?
A) New areas of research
B) Gaps in the literature
C) The presence of bias
D) Confounding of variables
Ans: B
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: What Makes Research Original?
Subject: Chapter 3
5. For what study approach will the research have great freedom in selecting study topics but may
struggle to recruit adequate numbers of participants?
A) Primary study
B) Secondary study
C) Tertiary study
D) Cohort study
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Studies
Subject: Chapter 7
6. For students, what is the first step in conducting scientific research?
A) Developing a focused research question
B) Identifying an area of original research
C) Identifying a professor or other experienced researcher to serve as a mentor
D) Find one or more senior colleagues who are willing to serve as formal or informal mentors
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Research Teams
Subject: Chapter 5
7. According to criteria listed in ICMJE’s Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and
Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, which of the following criteria must a researcher meet
to earn coauthorship?
A) Conduct interviews for the project
B) Analyze blood samples of patients included in clinical trials
C) Draft the article and/or provide critical revisions of the intellectual content
D) Clean up grammar and spelling in a manuscript
,Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
8. Which of the following is required to earn authorship of a research report?
A) Designing the study
B) Conducting the experiment
C) Analyzing the data
D) Writing the research report
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Authorship Criteria
Subject: Chapter 6
9. Under what circumstances would it be helpful to consider other factors during decision-making,
including expected duration and cost of the study, the populations available for inclusion in the study, and
the possible availability of existing data?
A) When an experimental design is chosen
B) When an observational design is chosen
C) When several different study designs are appropriate
D) When a systematic review or meta-analysis is the best approach
Ans: C
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Types of Study Approaches
Subject Chapter 7
10. If the goal of the study is to understand populations, to describe patterns, or to ask research questions
that are not focused on causality, what is likely the only suitable study design?
A) Systematic review
B) Meta-analysis
C) Experimental design
D) Observational design
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Observational and Experimental Studies
Subject Chapter 7
11. When medical records will be consulted as part of the data collection process, it is often helpful to
create which of the following that guides the extraction of information from medical records?
A) Posters
,B) Questionnaires
C) Spreadsheets
D) Databases
Ans: B
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Data Collection
Subject: Chapter 8
12. What type of study is used to study individual participants over a lengthy period of time?
A) Repeated cross-sectional study
B) KAP survey
C) Longitudinal study
D) Meta-analysis
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys
Subject: Chapter 9
13. Which of the following is a row-by-column table that displays the counts of how often various
combinations of events happen?
A) Contingency table
B) Two-by-two table
C) One-way table
D) Manifold table
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Odds Ratios
Subject: Chapter 10
14. Which of the following are derived from the same tables used to calculate odds ratios?
A) Chi-square tests
B) Morbidity rates
C) Prevalence rates
D) Kappa statistics
Ans: A
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Analysis: Odds Ratios
Subject: Chapter 10
15. Which of the following is the first step for a prospective cohort study that will recruit participants based
on exposure status?
,A) Identify two accessible source populations
B) Select a source population
C) Identify a source of existing records that can provide baseline data of adequate quality
D) Identify an existing source of data
Ans: A
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Prospective Cohort Studies
Subject: Chapter 11
16. What type of experimental study would aim to demonstrate the intervention is not worse than the
control?
A) Superiority trial
B) Inferiority trial
C) Equivalence trial
D) Noninferiority trial
Ans: D
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Defining Outcomes
Subject: Chapter 12
17. Randomization eliminates what type of bias that may occur when people with different backgrounds,
such as different exposure histories, are not equally distributed across treatment arms?
A) Assessment bias
B) Recall bias
C) Misclassification bias
D) Allocation bias
Ans: D
Complexity: Difficult
Ahead: Randomization
Subject: Chapter 12
18. Under which paradigm do researchers assume that reality is situational and it is acceptable to use
any and all research tools and frameworks to try to understand a particular problem so it can be
addressed?
A) Ontology
B) Constructivism
C) Pragmatism
D) Post-Positivism
Ans: C
Complexity: Moderate
Ahead: Theoretical Paradigms
Subject: Chapter 13
