NUR 257 TEST #1 2026/2027 | NURSING STUDY GUIDE, EXAM
REVIEW & PRACTICE QUESTIONS
What are the three layers of the heart and where are they located? - ANS✔✔ Epicardium=outer
protective layer
Myocardium= the muscle tissues of the heart
Endocardium=thin inner layer
What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? - ANS✔✔ Tricuspid Valve
What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle? - ANS✔✔ Mitral Valve
What do the coronary arteries do? - ANS✔✔ supply blood to the heart
What does the cardiac conduction system consist of? - ANS✔✔ SA node, AV node, bundle of
His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
What is hemodynamics? - ANS✔✔ the balance of your body
Blood flow through the heart - ANS✔✔ 1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-
Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick up
oxygen, 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle, 12- Aortic
Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body
What is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANS✔✔ SA node
Electrical activation of cells "Excitement"
, (caused by influx of sodium into cell while potassium exits cell) - ANS✔✔ Depolarization
Return of Cells to resting state "Relaxation"
(caused by reentry of potassium into cell while sodium exits) - ANS✔✔ Repolarization
The time in between excitement and relaxation where they need to fill back up to get energy to
go again
(sandwich and a nap) - ANS✔✔ Refractory Period
The number of cardiac cycles is equal to? - ANS✔✔ Heart Beat
Each cardiac cycle has three major sequential events........ - ANS✔✔ Diastole
-when the heart fills with blood
Atrial systole
-atrial contracts and moves blood to ventricle
Ventricular systole
-ventricle ejects blood out of heart
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS✔✔ measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from
the heart
What is ejection fraction? - ANS✔✔ how much blood is ejected with each beat
What is stroke volume? - ANS✔✔ the amount of blood ejected by the heart
Preload=
Afterload= - ANS✔✔ Volume
REVIEW & PRACTICE QUESTIONS
What are the three layers of the heart and where are they located? - ANS✔✔ Epicardium=outer
protective layer
Myocardium= the muscle tissues of the heart
Endocardium=thin inner layer
What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? - ANS✔✔ Tricuspid Valve
What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle? - ANS✔✔ Mitral Valve
What do the coronary arteries do? - ANS✔✔ supply blood to the heart
What does the cardiac conduction system consist of? - ANS✔✔ SA node, AV node, bundle of
His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
What is hemodynamics? - ANS✔✔ the balance of your body
Blood flow through the heart - ANS✔✔ 1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-
Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick up
oxygen, 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle, 12- Aortic
Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body
What is the pacemaker of the heart? - ANS✔✔ SA node
Electrical activation of cells "Excitement"
, (caused by influx of sodium into cell while potassium exits cell) - ANS✔✔ Depolarization
Return of Cells to resting state "Relaxation"
(caused by reentry of potassium into cell while sodium exits) - ANS✔✔ Repolarization
The time in between excitement and relaxation where they need to fill back up to get energy to
go again
(sandwich and a nap) - ANS✔✔ Refractory Period
The number of cardiac cycles is equal to? - ANS✔✔ Heart Beat
Each cardiac cycle has three major sequential events........ - ANS✔✔ Diastole
-when the heart fills with blood
Atrial systole
-atrial contracts and moves blood to ventricle
Ventricular systole
-ventricle ejects blood out of heart
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS✔✔ measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from
the heart
What is ejection fraction? - ANS✔✔ how much blood is ejected with each beat
What is stroke volume? - ANS✔✔ the amount of blood ejected by the heart
Preload=
Afterload= - ANS✔✔ Volume
