NUR 257 Exam 1–4 Study Guide Bundle 2026 PDF – Complete Practice Questions with Answers & Detailed Rationales | Instant Download

NUR 257 Exam 1-4 Study Guide Bundle 2026
| Complete Practice Questions, Answers &
Rationales

NUR 257 EXAM 1: Foundations of Aging & Chronic Illness
Questions 1-50
1. You are caring for an older client who has HIV. Which action by the nurse
is most effective to prevent exposure?
 A. Wear a mask whenever entering the room.
 B. Use contact isolation for all care.
 C. The nurse needs to wear gloves.
 D. Double-glove only when starting an IV.
Answer: C. The nurse needs to wear gloves.
Rationale: Standard precautions, including gloves for contact with blood and body
fluids, are sufficient for HIV-positive clients. Transmission requires exposure to
specific body fluids; routine airborne or contact isolation is not indicated. This
aligns with CDC guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated HIV transmission.


2. You are caring for an older adult female client. Which finding would make
the nurse further question the client regarding possible HIV infection?
 A. One vaginal yeast infection in the past year.
 B. Six vaginal yeast infections within the last 12 months.
 C. Occasional urinary tract infections every few years.
 D. Mild hot flashes at night.
Answer: B. Six vaginal yeast infections within the last 12 months.

,Rationale: Recurrent vaginal yeast infections (more than 3-4 per year) can be an
early indicator of immunosuppression and possible HIV infection in older adults.
Healthcare providers should consider HIV testing when patients present with
recurrent opportunistic infections.


3. What does evidence-based practice combine?
 A. Only published research findings.
 B. Clinician expertise only.
 C. Evidence, clinician expertise, and patient preferences/values.
 D. Patient preferences and values only.
Answer: C. Evidence, clinician expertise, and patient preferences/values.
Rationale: Evidence-based practice integrates the best available research evidence
with clinician expertise and patient preferences and values to answer clinical
questions. This three-pronged approach ensures optimal patient outcomes while
respecting individual patient circumstances.


4. How long can it take for evidence to be implemented into practice?
 A. 1-2 years
 B. 5-10 years
 C. 15-20 years
 D. Immediate implementation
Answer: C. 15-20 years.
Rationale: Research demonstrates a significant "translation gap" in healthcare,
with evidence often taking 15-20 years to be fully implemented into clinical
practice. This delay contributes to variations in care quality and outcomes.


5. What does PICO(T) stand for in evidence-based practice?

,  A. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time
 B. Patient, Illness, Care, Outcome, Treatment
 C. Problem, Intervention, Clinical, Outcome, Time
 D. Population, Implementation, Care, Observation, Time
Answer: A. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time.
Rationale: PICO(T) is a framework for formulating clinical questions: Population
(patient problem), Intervention (therapy/test), Comparison (alternative), Outcome
(desired result), and sometimes Time (duration). This structure helps nurses
develop searchable clinical questions.


6. In which type of research is there manipulation of at least one treatment
variable, both an experimental and a control group, and random assignment?
 A. Descriptive research
 B. Correlational research
 C. Experimental research
 D. Qualitative research
Answer: C. Experimental research.
Rationale: Experimental research is characterized by manipulation of an
independent variable, random assignment to groups, and inclusion of both
experimental and control groups. This design provides the strongest evidence for
cause-and-effect relationships.


7. The question "Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and
intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?" is an example of what type
of research question?
 A. Experimental
 B. Correlational

,  C. Descriptive
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 D. Qualitative
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Answer: B. Correlational.k k




Rationale: Correlational research examines relationships between variables without
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manipulation. This question explores whether caffeine intake and intraocular
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pressure are associated, not whether one causes the other.
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8. What is the difference between ADLs and IADLs?
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 A. ADLs require instruments; IADLs do not.
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 B. IADLs require instruments; ADLs do not.
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 C. They are the same thing.
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 D. ADLs are only for older adults.
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Answer: B. IADLs require instruments;ADLs do not.
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Rationale: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are basic self-care tasks (eating,
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dressing, bathing, toileting, transferring) that do not typically require instruments.
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are more complex tasks that require
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tools or instruments, such as shopping, preparing meals, housework, and medication
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management.
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9. Which activity is an example of an IADL?
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 A. Bathing and dressing.
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 B. Feeding and toileting.
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 C. Shopping, preparing meals, doing housework, and taking medication.
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 D. Turning in bed and transferring from bed to chair.
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Answer: C. Shopping, preparing meals, doing housework, and taking
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medication.
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