Chapter 01
1. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his
continued muscle performance? [Multiple Choice]
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis ✔
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part of the citric acid
cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which
the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle
performance.
2. During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? [Multiple Choice]
a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis ✔
d. Exocytosis
ANS: C
Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through the formation of large
vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type
of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles.
Exocytosis occurs when coated pits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
3. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of
greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? [Multiple
Choice]
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion ✔
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
,ANS: B
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser
solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a
concentration gradient.
4. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this
cell cycle phase called? [Multiple Choice]
a. G1
b. S
c. M ✔
d. G2
ANS: C
The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the period between the M
phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase
includes RNA and protein synthesis.
5. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This
action is an example of which of the following signaling types? [Multiple Choice]
a. Paracrine ✔
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon. None of the other options
involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical mediator like insulin.
6. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? [Multiple Choice]
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
,d. Ligands ✔
ANS: D
Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
7. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information that platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of: [Multiple Choice]
a. platelets.
b. epidermal cells.
c. connective tissue cells. ✔
d. fibroblast cells.
ANS: C
Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the production of
connective tissue cells, but not platelets, epidermal cells, or fibroblast cells.
8. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is
referred to as: [Multiple Choice]
a. anaphase. ✔
b. telophase.
c. prophase.
d. metaphase.
ANS: A
Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. During telophase, a new
nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the
chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs
when two centrioles located at opposite poles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
9. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the nurse include?
[Multiple Choice]
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle ✔
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
, ANS: A
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular catabolism.
10. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? [Multiple Choice]
a. By passive electrolyte channels
b. By coupled channels
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) ✔
d. By diffusion
ANS: C
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via active transport.
Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are they transported by diffusion.
Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels.
11. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? [Multiple Choice]
a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. ✔
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
c. Restrain cell growth and development.
d. Provide nutrients for cell growth and development.
ANS: A
Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do not restrain it. Cytokines
help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain cell growth and promote cell growth, but they do
not provide nutrients.
12. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a: [Multiple Choice]
a. solute.
b. substrate. ✔
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of the reaction.
Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and any of the remaining options.
1. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his
continued muscle performance? [Multiple Choice]
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis ✔
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part of the citric acid
cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which
the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle
performance.
2. During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? [Multiple Choice]
a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis ✔
d. Exocytosis
ANS: C
Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through the formation of large
vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type
of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles.
Exocytosis occurs when coated pits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
3. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of
greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? [Multiple
Choice]
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion ✔
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
,ANS: B
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser
solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a
concentration gradient.
4. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this
cell cycle phase called? [Multiple Choice]
a. G1
b. S
c. M ✔
d. G2
ANS: C
The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the period between the M
phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase
includes RNA and protein synthesis.
5. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This
action is an example of which of the following signaling types? [Multiple Choice]
a. Paracrine ✔
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon. None of the other options
involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical mediator like insulin.
6. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? [Multiple Choice]
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
,d. Ligands ✔
ANS: D
Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
7. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information that platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of: [Multiple Choice]
a. platelets.
b. epidermal cells.
c. connective tissue cells. ✔
d. fibroblast cells.
ANS: C
Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the production of
connective tissue cells, but not platelets, epidermal cells, or fibroblast cells.
8. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is
referred to as: [Multiple Choice]
a. anaphase. ✔
b. telophase.
c. prophase.
d. metaphase.
ANS: A
Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. During telophase, a new
nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the
chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs
when two centrioles located at opposite poles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
9. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the nurse include?
[Multiple Choice]
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle ✔
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
, ANS: A
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular catabolism.
10. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? [Multiple Choice]
a. By passive electrolyte channels
b. By coupled channels
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) ✔
d. By diffusion
ANS: C
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via active transport.
Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are they transported by diffusion.
Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels.
11. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? [Multiple Choice]
a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. ✔
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
c. Restrain cell growth and development.
d. Provide nutrients for cell growth and development.
ANS: A
Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do not restrain it. Cytokines
help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain cell growth and promote cell growth, but they do
not provide nutrients.
12. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a: [Multiple Choice]
a. solute.
b. substrate. ✔
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of the reaction.
Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and any of the remaining options.
