Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature,
General Properties, and Components
1. Which of these is a major physiologic function of the immune system:
a) Elimination of commensal microbes
b) Repair of injured tissues
*c) Defense against microbial infections
d) Prevention of inflammatory diseases
e) Rejection of organ transplants
General Feedback:
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from environmental
microbes that may be pathogenic. Commensal microbes are beneficial, live in symbiosis
with their hosts, and are not eliminated by host immunity. Repair of injured tissues may
be a secondary consequence of the immune responses and inflammation. Although the
immune system has regulatory features that are needed to prevent excessive
inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary function. The
immune system does play a key role in rejecting organs transplanted from one individual
to another nonidentical individual, but transplantation is not a natural process, so this
cannot be considered a physiologic function.
Feedback:
*c) The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from
environmental microbes that may be pathogenic. Commensal microbes are beneficial,
live in symbiosis with their hosts, and are not eliminated by host immunity. Repair of
injured tissues may be a secondary consequence of the immune responses and
inflammation. Although the immune system has regulatory features that are needed to
prevent excessive inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary
function. The immune system does play a key role in rejecting organs transplanted from
one individual to another nonidentical individual, but transplantation is not a natural
process, so this cannot be considered a physiologic function.
2. Which of the following infectious diseases was prevented by the first successful
vaccination?
a) Polio
b) Tuberculosis
*c) Smallpox
d) Tetanus
e) Rubella
1
,Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
General Feedback:
In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful vaccination,
which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox pustules of a
milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a vaccination
program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and poliovirus were
developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective vaccine against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Feedback:
*c) In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful
vaccination, which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox
pustules of a milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a
vaccination program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and
poliovirus were developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective
vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is infected with an upper respiratory tract virus for
the first time. During the first few hours of infection, which one of the following events
occurs?
a) The adaptive immune system responds rapidly to the virus and destroys the
virus.
*b) The innate immune system responds rapidly to the viral infection and keeps
the viral infection under control.
c) Passive immunity mediated by maternal antibodies limits the spread of
infection.
d) B and T lymphocytes recognize the virus and stimulate the innate immune
response.
General Feedback:
The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of infection,
well before the adaptive immune response. Adaptive immune responses, resulting from
activation of virus-specific B and T lymphocytes, take a few days to develop following
first encounter with the microbe, and they would be slower than the innate immune
response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies from
transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breastfeeding, which is another
potential source of maternal antibodies. B and T lymphocytes are not components of
innate immunity.
Feedback:
*b) The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of
infection, well before the adaptive immune response. Adaptive immune responses,
resulting from activation of virus-specific B and T lymphocytes, take a few days to
develop following first encounter with the microbe, and they would be slower than the
2
,Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
innate immune response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies
from transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breastfeeding, which is another
potential source of maternal antibodies. B and T lymphocytes are not components of
innate immunity.
4. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system, not shared
with the innate immune system?
*a) Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens
b) Production of a diverse array of cytokines
c) Recognition of microbial structures by both cell-associated and soluble
receptors
d) Protection against viral infections
e) Responses that have the same kinetics and magnitude on repeated exposure to
the same microbe
General Feedback:
Highly diverse specificities for antigens are found only in T and B
lymphocytes, which are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Many
cytokines are produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both the
innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to
recognize microbes and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same
microbe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude—
this is the manifestation of memory.
Feedback:
*a) Highly diverse specificities for antigens are found only in T and B
lymphocytes, which are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Many
cytokines are produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both the
innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to
recognize microbes and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same
microbe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude—
this is the manifestation of memory.
5. Antibodies and T lymphocytes are the respective mediators of which two types of
immunity?
a) Innate and adaptive
b) Passive and active
c) Specific and nonspecific
*d) Humoral and cell mediated
e) Adult and neonatal
3
, Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
General Feedback:
Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive immunity. B
lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector molecules of
humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and promote
eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and active
immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes, although T cells cannot be
transferred from one individual to a different individual because foreign cells will be
rejected and, in most cases, passive immunity is antibody mediated. Specific immunity is
an old term for adaptive immunity; nonspecific immunity is not used to describe any type
of immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in adaptive immunity in adults but
are still developing in the neonatal period.
Feedback:
*d) Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive
immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector
molecules of humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and
promote eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and
active immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes, although T cells
cannot be transferred from one individual to a different individual because foreign cells
will be rejected and, in most cases, passive immunity is antibody mediated. Specific
immunity is an old term for adaptive immunity; nonspecific immunity is not used to
describe any type of immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in adaptive
immunity in adults but are still developing in the neonatal period.
6. A standard treatment of animal bite victims, when there is a possibility that the animal
was infected with the rabies virus, is administration of human immunoglobulin
preparations containing anti–rabies virus antibodies. Which type of immunity would be
established by this treatment?
a) Active humoral immunity
*b) Passive humoral immunity
c) Active cell-mediated immunity
d) Passive cell-mediated immunity
e) Innate immunity
General Feedback:
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies. The transfer of protective
antibodies made by one or more individuals into another individual is a form of passive
humoral immunity. Active immunity to an infection develops when an individual’s own
immune system responds to the microbe. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T
lymphocytes, not antibodies, and innate immunity is not mediated by either antibodies or
T lymphocytes.
4
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature,
General Properties, and Components
1. Which of these is a major physiologic function of the immune system:
a) Elimination of commensal microbes
b) Repair of injured tissues
*c) Defense against microbial infections
d) Prevention of inflammatory diseases
e) Rejection of organ transplants
General Feedback:
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from environmental
microbes that may be pathogenic. Commensal microbes are beneficial, live in symbiosis
with their hosts, and are not eliminated by host immunity. Repair of injured tissues may
be a secondary consequence of the immune responses and inflammation. Although the
immune system has regulatory features that are needed to prevent excessive
inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary function. The
immune system does play a key role in rejecting organs transplanted from one individual
to another nonidentical individual, but transplantation is not a natural process, so this
cannot be considered a physiologic function.
Feedback:
*c) The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from
environmental microbes that may be pathogenic. Commensal microbes are beneficial,
live in symbiosis with their hosts, and are not eliminated by host immunity. Repair of
injured tissues may be a secondary consequence of the immune responses and
inflammation. Although the immune system has regulatory features that are needed to
prevent excessive inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary
function. The immune system does play a key role in rejecting organs transplanted from
one individual to another nonidentical individual, but transplantation is not a natural
process, so this cannot be considered a physiologic function.
2. Which of the following infectious diseases was prevented by the first successful
vaccination?
a) Polio
b) Tuberculosis
*c) Smallpox
d) Tetanus
e) Rubella
1
,Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
General Feedback:
In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful vaccination,
which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox pustules of a
milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a vaccination
program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and poliovirus were
developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective vaccine against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Feedback:
*c) In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful
vaccination, which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox
pustules of a milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a
vaccination program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and
poliovirus were developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective
vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is infected with an upper respiratory tract virus for
the first time. During the first few hours of infection, which one of the following events
occurs?
a) The adaptive immune system responds rapidly to the virus and destroys the
virus.
*b) The innate immune system responds rapidly to the viral infection and keeps
the viral infection under control.
c) Passive immunity mediated by maternal antibodies limits the spread of
infection.
d) B and T lymphocytes recognize the virus and stimulate the innate immune
response.
General Feedback:
The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of infection,
well before the adaptive immune response. Adaptive immune responses, resulting from
activation of virus-specific B and T lymphocytes, take a few days to develop following
first encounter with the microbe, and they would be slower than the innate immune
response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies from
transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breastfeeding, which is another
potential source of maternal antibodies. B and T lymphocytes are not components of
innate immunity.
Feedback:
*b) The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of
infection, well before the adaptive immune response. Adaptive immune responses,
resulting from activation of virus-specific B and T lymphocytes, take a few days to
develop following first encounter with the microbe, and they would be slower than the
2
,Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
innate immune response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies
from transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breastfeeding, which is another
potential source of maternal antibodies. B and T lymphocytes are not components of
innate immunity.
4. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system, not shared
with the innate immune system?
*a) Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens
b) Production of a diverse array of cytokines
c) Recognition of microbial structures by both cell-associated and soluble
receptors
d) Protection against viral infections
e) Responses that have the same kinetics and magnitude on repeated exposure to
the same microbe
General Feedback:
Highly diverse specificities for antigens are found only in T and B
lymphocytes, which are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Many
cytokines are produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both the
innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to
recognize microbes and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same
microbe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude—
this is the manifestation of memory.
Feedback:
*a) Highly diverse specificities for antigens are found only in T and B
lymphocytes, which are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Many
cytokines are produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both the
innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to
recognize microbes and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same
microbe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude—
this is the manifestation of memory.
5. Antibodies and T lymphocytes are the respective mediators of which two types of
immunity?
a) Innate and adaptive
b) Passive and active
c) Specific and nonspecific
*d) Humoral and cell mediated
e) Adult and neonatal
3
, Test Bank For Basic Immunology 7th Edition
Chapter 01. Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General
Properties, and Components
General Feedback:
Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive immunity. B
lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector molecules of
humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and promote
eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and active
immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes, although T cells cannot be
transferred from one individual to a different individual because foreign cells will be
rejected and, in most cases, passive immunity is antibody mediated. Specific immunity is
an old term for adaptive immunity; nonspecific immunity is not used to describe any type
of immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in adaptive immunity in adults but
are still developing in the neonatal period.
Feedback:
*d) Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive
immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector
molecules of humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and
promote eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and
active immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes, although T cells
cannot be transferred from one individual to a different individual because foreign cells
will be rejected and, in most cases, passive immunity is antibody mediated. Specific
immunity is an old term for adaptive immunity; nonspecific immunity is not used to
describe any type of immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in adaptive
immunity in adults but are still developing in the neonatal period.
6. A standard treatment of animal bite victims, when there is a possibility that the animal
was infected with the rabies virus, is administration of human immunoglobulin
preparations containing anti–rabies virus antibodies. Which type of immunity would be
established by this treatment?
a) Active humoral immunity
*b) Passive humoral immunity
c) Active cell-mediated immunity
d) Passive cell-mediated immunity
e) Innate immunity
General Feedback:
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies. The transfer of protective
antibodies made by one or more individuals into another individual is a form of passive
humoral immunity. Active immunity to an infection develops when an individual’s own
immune system responds to the microbe. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T
lymphocytes, not antibodies, and innate immunity is not mediated by either antibodies or
T lymphocytes.
4
