HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (KNR 182)
STUDY GUIDE for Exam 3
NOTE: This guide is to be used a tool to help focus your studying and the test may contain material not
specified on this guide. You should review all lecture materials and rely heavily on class notes; however,
you are responsible for reading the corresponding text book chapters and all course materials are fair
game for the exam including guest speakers.
Understand these heart and circulatory terms:
Parietal pericardium:
- (serous) parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Heart wall:
- Epicardium—visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- Myocardium – spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells, fibrous skeleton of the heart;
anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports vessels and valves, limits spread of action
potential
- Endocardium – continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Heart (right and left atria and ventricles):
- Atria: blood drains back to the heart into atria, separated internally by interatrial septum,
thin walled
- Ventricles: pump blood into circulation, separated by interventricular septum, Left
ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out to body, right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs **
Valves of the heart (atrioventricular and semilunar):
- Atrioventricular valve: tricuspid valve(right), mitral/bicuspid valve (left) prevent
backflow into atria when ventricles contract
- Semilunar: pulmonary valve (right), aortic semilunar valve (left) – prevent backflow into
the ventricles when ventricles relax
-
Circulatory Routes (pulmonary, coronary, systemic):
- Pulmonary: to the lungs (right side of heart)
- Coronary: to the heart (left side of heart)
- Systemic: throughout the rest of the body (left side of heart)
Cardiac cycle (systole and diastole):
, - Systole: contraction, depolarization, ejection
- Diastole: relaxation, repolarization, filling
Pressure changes during cardiac cycle:
- Caused by mechanical events, pressure changes dictate blood flow
- Pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
- Systemic pressure is highest in the aorta, declines throughout the pathway, is 0 mm Hg in
the right atrium
- Steepest drop in pressure occurs in arterioles:
- aorta arteries arterioles(pressure drops greatly) capillaries venules veins
venae cavae
- arterial blood pressure reflects 2 factors of the arteries close to the heart: elasticity and
volume of blood
- blood pressure near the heart is pulsatile (changes with contraction and relaxation)
- systole causes increase in pressure (ejects blood out of heart), diastole causes decrease in
pressure (allows blood back in)
- capillary pressure ranges from 15-35 mm Hg, low pressure in capillaries is desired so
they do not burst due to fragility
Heart sounds: lub-dup, associated with the closing of heart valves
Electrical Activity:
Sinoatrial node (SA node): pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular node (AV node): connects the electrical systems of the atria and
ventricles, specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction of
the heart, slightly delays impulses (.1 sec)
Bundle of His; Purkinje fibers: bundle is 2 pathways in the interventricular septum that
carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart, purkinje fibers complete the pathway into
apex and ventricular walls
Electrocardiogram (ECG): machine that records a composite of all the action potential
generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time, monitors and amplifies
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: represents ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization, peak of an
ECG reading
T wave: ventricular repolarization
order of electrical activity = SA node, intranodal and intraatrial fibers, AV node, Bundle
of His, R and L Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers, atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial
pressure, ventricular pressure
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
- Arteries carry blood away from heart
- Veins carry blood back to heart
STUDY GUIDE for Exam 3
NOTE: This guide is to be used a tool to help focus your studying and the test may contain material not
specified on this guide. You should review all lecture materials and rely heavily on class notes; however,
you are responsible for reading the corresponding text book chapters and all course materials are fair
game for the exam including guest speakers.
Understand these heart and circulatory terms:
Parietal pericardium:
- (serous) parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Heart wall:
- Epicardium—visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- Myocardium – spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells, fibrous skeleton of the heart;
anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports vessels and valves, limits spread of action
potential
- Endocardium – continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Heart (right and left atria and ventricles):
- Atria: blood drains back to the heart into atria, separated internally by interatrial septum,
thin walled
- Ventricles: pump blood into circulation, separated by interventricular septum, Left
ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out to body, right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs **
Valves of the heart (atrioventricular and semilunar):
- Atrioventricular valve: tricuspid valve(right), mitral/bicuspid valve (left) prevent
backflow into atria when ventricles contract
- Semilunar: pulmonary valve (right), aortic semilunar valve (left) – prevent backflow into
the ventricles when ventricles relax
-
Circulatory Routes (pulmonary, coronary, systemic):
- Pulmonary: to the lungs (right side of heart)
- Coronary: to the heart (left side of heart)
- Systemic: throughout the rest of the body (left side of heart)
Cardiac cycle (systole and diastole):
, - Systole: contraction, depolarization, ejection
- Diastole: relaxation, repolarization, filling
Pressure changes during cardiac cycle:
- Caused by mechanical events, pressure changes dictate blood flow
- Pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
- Systemic pressure is highest in the aorta, declines throughout the pathway, is 0 mm Hg in
the right atrium
- Steepest drop in pressure occurs in arterioles:
- aorta arteries arterioles(pressure drops greatly) capillaries venules veins
venae cavae
- arterial blood pressure reflects 2 factors of the arteries close to the heart: elasticity and
volume of blood
- blood pressure near the heart is pulsatile (changes with contraction and relaxation)
- systole causes increase in pressure (ejects blood out of heart), diastole causes decrease in
pressure (allows blood back in)
- capillary pressure ranges from 15-35 mm Hg, low pressure in capillaries is desired so
they do not burst due to fragility
Heart sounds: lub-dup, associated with the closing of heart valves
Electrical Activity:
Sinoatrial node (SA node): pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular node (AV node): connects the electrical systems of the atria and
ventricles, specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction of
the heart, slightly delays impulses (.1 sec)
Bundle of His; Purkinje fibers: bundle is 2 pathways in the interventricular septum that
carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart, purkinje fibers complete the pathway into
apex and ventricular walls
Electrocardiogram (ECG): machine that records a composite of all the action potential
generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time, monitors and amplifies
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: represents ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization, peak of an
ECG reading
T wave: ventricular repolarization
order of electrical activity = SA node, intranodal and intraatrial fibers, AV node, Bundle
of His, R and L Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers, atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial
pressure, ventricular pressure
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
- Arteries carry blood away from heart
- Veins carry blood back to heart
