Classics 2902 Final Exam | UPDATED Questions with 100% Verified
Answers
Question:
Etruscan & Roman History
Answer:
- 1st millennium BCE: 2 major ethnic groups - Etruscans (indigenous) & Latins (Indo-
European)
- Rome on Tiber River; forming the border between Etruscans & Latins (6th c BCE)
- Closeness between ethnic groups recounted in Roman histories & origin myths
- IMPORTANT: mixing of cultures & cultural exchange
Question:
5th & 4th c BCE: Etruscans lose...
Answer:
Power to Roman aristocrats (patricians), who form the Republic (2 consuls & Senate)
Question:
Internal strife:
Answer:
Shared government with lower class plebeians (2 tribunes)
Question:
Important concept
Answer:
Conflict; elite vs lower class
Question:
Expansion based on:
Answer:
Expansion based on military successes (on peninsula, then Carthage, Greece and all the
rest)
Rise of Rome & Alexander's conquests
,Question:
By 3rd CE:
Answer:
Control Greece & western Anatolia; 1st c: Egypt; end of Republic
Question:
Attitudes & Relevance for medicine (5)
Answer:
- Expansion bad
- Pliny & Cato most vocal; Romans grow lax and too fond of luxuries
- IMPORTANT: Greek culture permeated Italy, therefore, medical concepts shared
between Greek, Etruscan & Roman medical cultures
- Illness comes from gods
- Characterizations of Greek gods adopted/ transported to Rome
Question:
Religion & Culture
Answer:
- Public vs private worship (public gods vs household gods)
- Forms of worship access power over deities through ritual actions (do ut des)
- Healing not limited to either sphere: Roman piety = consult all deities involved
- Healing can occur among Capitoline deities (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) or private gods
Question:
Cosmology
Answer:
- Etruscans: division of sky into 16 sections (interpretation of divine messages)
- Etruscan gods form councils (cf. Mesopotamia)
- "Good to bad" spectrum: east to west
- Romans: division of sky into 4 sections
- Negative to positive: left to right
Question:
, Sacrifices & Medicine
Answer:
Sacrifices = point of contact between human & divine; maintenance of relationship
Question:
3 basic sacrifice rituals
Answer:
1) burnt offering for celestial deities
2) blood offering for underworld (chthonic) deities
3) libation & bloodless sacrifices for ancestors
Question:
Blood offering:
Answer:
Relationship between living beings & earth
Question:
Etruscan ritual sacrifices influence:
Answer:
Roman religion & medicine; rationalize & accept medical theories/ teachings about blood
(e.g. bloodletting as sacrifice)
Question:
Healing deities (7)
Answer:
Ascelepius, Aplu, Diana, Hercle, Isis, Tiana, Menrva
EVERY GOD CAN CAUSE & CURE ILLNESS
Question:
Ascelepius
Answer:
Asklepieion (pl. Asklepieia) popular pilgrimage site
Temple on Tiber Island on healing spring (most popular with slaves)
Answers
Question:
Etruscan & Roman History
Answer:
- 1st millennium BCE: 2 major ethnic groups - Etruscans (indigenous) & Latins (Indo-
European)
- Rome on Tiber River; forming the border between Etruscans & Latins (6th c BCE)
- Closeness between ethnic groups recounted in Roman histories & origin myths
- IMPORTANT: mixing of cultures & cultural exchange
Question:
5th & 4th c BCE: Etruscans lose...
Answer:
Power to Roman aristocrats (patricians), who form the Republic (2 consuls & Senate)
Question:
Internal strife:
Answer:
Shared government with lower class plebeians (2 tribunes)
Question:
Important concept
Answer:
Conflict; elite vs lower class
Question:
Expansion based on:
Answer:
Expansion based on military successes (on peninsula, then Carthage, Greece and all the
rest)
Rise of Rome & Alexander's conquests
,Question:
By 3rd CE:
Answer:
Control Greece & western Anatolia; 1st c: Egypt; end of Republic
Question:
Attitudes & Relevance for medicine (5)
Answer:
- Expansion bad
- Pliny & Cato most vocal; Romans grow lax and too fond of luxuries
- IMPORTANT: Greek culture permeated Italy, therefore, medical concepts shared
between Greek, Etruscan & Roman medical cultures
- Illness comes from gods
- Characterizations of Greek gods adopted/ transported to Rome
Question:
Religion & Culture
Answer:
- Public vs private worship (public gods vs household gods)
- Forms of worship access power over deities through ritual actions (do ut des)
- Healing not limited to either sphere: Roman piety = consult all deities involved
- Healing can occur among Capitoline deities (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) or private gods
Question:
Cosmology
Answer:
- Etruscans: division of sky into 16 sections (interpretation of divine messages)
- Etruscan gods form councils (cf. Mesopotamia)
- "Good to bad" spectrum: east to west
- Romans: division of sky into 4 sections
- Negative to positive: left to right
Question:
, Sacrifices & Medicine
Answer:
Sacrifices = point of contact between human & divine; maintenance of relationship
Question:
3 basic sacrifice rituals
Answer:
1) burnt offering for celestial deities
2) blood offering for underworld (chthonic) deities
3) libation & bloodless sacrifices for ancestors
Question:
Blood offering:
Answer:
Relationship between living beings & earth
Question:
Etruscan ritual sacrifices influence:
Answer:
Roman religion & medicine; rationalize & accept medical theories/ teachings about blood
(e.g. bloodletting as sacrifice)
Question:
Healing deities (7)
Answer:
Ascelepius, Aplu, Diana, Hercle, Isis, Tiana, Menrva
EVERY GOD CAN CAUSE & CURE ILLNESS
Question:
Ascelepius
Answer:
Asklepieion (pl. Asklepieia) popular pilgrimage site
Temple on Tiber Island on healing spring (most popular with slaves)
