TEST BANK: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2ND EDITION
BY NANCY TKACS
All Chapters 1–17 MCQs With Rationalized
Answers Updated 2026
CHAPTER 1: THE FOUNDATIONAL
CONCEPTS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
1. The characteristic, localized cardinal signs
of acute inflammation include:
A) fever. B) fatigue. C) redness. D)
granuloma.
Answer: C) redness.
Rationale: The classic localized cardinal signs
of acute inflammation are redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss
1
,of function (functio laesa). Redness occurs due
to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
Fever and fatigue are systemic signs, while
granuloma formation is characteristic of
chronic inflammation .
2. The vascular, hemodynamic stage of acute
inflammation is initiated by momentary
vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation that
causes localized:
A) bleeding. B) congestion. C) pale skin. D)
coolness.
Answer: B) congestion.
Rationale: Following momentary
vasoconstriction, vasodilation occurs, leading
to increased blood flow and congestion
(hyperemia). This results in redness and
warmth. The congestion is caused by the
2
,opening of arterioles and capillaries in the
inflamed region .
3. The cellular stage of acute inflammation is
marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives
early in great numbers?
A) Basophils B) Lymphocytes C) Neutrophils
D) Platelets
Answer: C) Neutrophils.
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first phagocytic
cells to arrive at the site of acute inflammation,
typically within 6-12 hours. They are the most
abundant white blood cells and are essential
for the early immune response .
3
, 4. The phagocytosis process involves three
distinct steps. What is the initial step in the
process?
A) Engulfment B) Intracellular killing C)
Antigen margination D) Recognition and
adherence
Answer: D) Recognition and adherence.
Rationale: Phagocytosis occurs in three
sequential steps: (1) Recognition and
adherence - the phagocyte identifies and
attaches to the target; (2) Engulfment -
pseudopods surround and internalize the
particle; (3) Intracellular killing - phagosome
fuses with lysosomes for destruction .
4
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2ND EDITION
BY NANCY TKACS
All Chapters 1–17 MCQs With Rationalized
Answers Updated 2026
CHAPTER 1: THE FOUNDATIONAL
CONCEPTS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
1. The characteristic, localized cardinal signs
of acute inflammation include:
A) fever. B) fatigue. C) redness. D)
granuloma.
Answer: C) redness.
Rationale: The classic localized cardinal signs
of acute inflammation are redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss
1
,of function (functio laesa). Redness occurs due
to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
Fever and fatigue are systemic signs, while
granuloma formation is characteristic of
chronic inflammation .
2. The vascular, hemodynamic stage of acute
inflammation is initiated by momentary
vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation that
causes localized:
A) bleeding. B) congestion. C) pale skin. D)
coolness.
Answer: B) congestion.
Rationale: Following momentary
vasoconstriction, vasodilation occurs, leading
to increased blood flow and congestion
(hyperemia). This results in redness and
warmth. The congestion is caused by the
2
,opening of arterioles and capillaries in the
inflamed region .
3. The cellular stage of acute inflammation is
marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives
early in great numbers?
A) Basophils B) Lymphocytes C) Neutrophils
D) Platelets
Answer: C) Neutrophils.
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first phagocytic
cells to arrive at the site of acute inflammation,
typically within 6-12 hours. They are the most
abundant white blood cells and are essential
for the early immune response .
3
, 4. The phagocytosis process involves three
distinct steps. What is the initial step in the
process?
A) Engulfment B) Intracellular killing C)
Antigen margination D) Recognition and
adherence
Answer: D) Recognition and adherence.
Rationale: Phagocytosis occurs in three
sequential steps: (1) Recognition and
adherence - the phagocyte identifies and
attaches to the target; (2) Engulfment -
pseudopods surround and internalize the
particle; (3) Intracellular killing - phagosome
fuses with lysosomes for destruction .
4
