Fundamentals of Nursing 2nd Edition
Yoost Test Bank
Section I: Nursing Foundations, History, and Theories (Questions 1–15)
1. A group of nursing students is discussing the impact of non-nursing theories in clinical
practice. Which theory should the students prioritize when organizing patient care based on
physiologic and psychologic needs?
A. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
B. Paul's Critical-Thinking Theory
C. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
D. Rosenstock's Health Belief Model
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs specifies the psychological and physiologic factors
that affect each person's physical and mental health. The nurse's understanding of these factors
helps with formulating nursing diagnoses that address the patient's needs and values to
prioritize care. Erikson's theory addresses development across the lifespan, Rosenstock's model
explains health behavior compliance, and Paul's theory focuses on critical thinking, not care
prioritization.
2. A nursing student is preparing study notes from a recent lecture on nursing history. The
student should credit Florence Nightingale for which definition of nursing?
A. The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
B. The nurse needs to focus on interpersonal processes between nurse and patient.
C. The nurse assists the patient with essential functions toward independence.
D. Human beings are interacting in continuous motion as energy fields.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's (1860) concept of the environment emphasized
prevention and clean air, water, and housing. This theory states that the imbalance between the
patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health and does not allow for
conservation of energy. Hildegard Peplau focused on the interpersonal process, Virginia
,Henderson described assisting with essential functions, and Martha Rogers developed the
Science of Unitary Human Beings.
3. The nurse identifies which nurse established the American Red Cross during the Civil War?
A. Dorothea Dix
B. Linda Richards
C. Lena Higbee
D. Clara Barton
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Clara Barton practiced nursing in the Civil War and established the American Red
Cross. Dorothea Dix was the head of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was a forerunner of
the Army Nurse Corps. Linda Richards was America's first trained nurse, and Lena Higbee was
Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps and was awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.
4. The nursing instructor is researching the five proficiencies regarded as essential for
students and professionals. Which organization added safety as a sixth competency?
A. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
B. Institute of Medicine (IOM)
C. American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
D. National League for Nursing (NLN)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Institute of Medicine report Health Professions Education: A Bridge to
Quality (2003) outlines five core competencies: patient-centered care, interdisciplinary
teamwork, use of evidence-based medicine, quality improvement, and use of information
technology. QSEN added safety as a sixth competency to address the need for nurses to
minimize risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness and
individual performance.
5. The nurse is caring for a patient who will be discharged home following surgical repair of a
broken shoulder. The patient tells the nurse, "I don't have anyone at home who can help me
cook my meals." When demonstrating the adaptability of the nursing process, the nurse
should carry out which task?
,A. Adjust the patient's care plan so that nursing goals can be met.
B. Consult the care provider about extending the patient's hospitalization.
C. Abandon the plan of care as not able to be done.
D. Discharge the patient without addressing the concern.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nursing process is cyclic and adaptable. When patient circumstances change,
the nurse must adjust the care plan to meet the patient's needs. Consulting the provider about
extending hospitalization may not be appropriate if the patient is medically stable. Abandoning
the plan or ignoring the concern would be unsafe and unprofessional.
6. The nurse recognizes which nursing theorist who described the relationship between the
nurse and the patient as an interpersonal and therapeutic process?
A. Virginia Henderson
B. Betty Neuman
C. Imogene King
D. Hildegard Peplau
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hildegard Peplau focused on the roles played by the nurse and the interpersonal
process between a nurse and a patient. The interpersonal process occurs in overlapping phases:
orientation, working, and resolution. Betty Neuman's Systems Model is holistic, Virginia
Henderson described substitutive/supplementary/complementary roles, and Imogene King
developed the Theory of Goal Attainment.
7. The nurse is discussing the impact of nursing theories on clinical practice. Which nursing
theory is based on the human being as an adaptive open system?
A. Watson's Theory of Caring
B. Roy's Adaptation Model
C. Parse's Human Becoming Theory
D. Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Roy's Adaptation Model is based on the human being as an adaptive open
system. The person adapts by meeting physiologic-physical needs, developing a positive self-
, concept, performing social role functions, and balancing dependence and independence.
Watson's theory is based on caring, Parse's theory views the person as a constantly changing
being, and Rogers developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings.
8. A patient of Mexican-American descent typically arrives 10 to 15 minutes late to every
appointment. Based on an understanding of first-order beliefs, what characteristics can the
nurse associate with this level of beliefs? (Select all that apply.)
A. First-order beliefs serve as the basis of a person's belief system.
B. First-order beliefs begin to develop in early adolescence.
C. First-order beliefs are completely formed in childhood.
D. People seldom question their first-order beliefs.
E. Challenging a patient's first-order beliefs may cause cognitive upset.
Correct Answer: A, D, E
Rationale: First-order beliefs serve as the foundation of an individual's belief system. People
begin developing these beliefs in early childhood through direct experiences and information
from authority figures. People seldom question their first-order beliefs because doing so would
require extensive rethinking. Challenging these beliefs may cause cognitive upset. They are not
completely formed in childhood and continue to develop into adulthood.
9. A patient who served in World War II is being admitted for pneumonia. Based on
generational cohort characteristics, what should the nurse do when establishing rapport?
A. Shake the patient's hand and allow time to "warm up."
B. Expect the patient to be optimistic and question everything.
C. Allow the patient to multitask and talk in short "soundbites."
D. Understand that the patient is probably technologically literate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Veterans (born before 1945) respect authority, are detail oriented, communicate
in a discrete, formal, respectful way, may be slow to warm up, value family and community, and
accept physical touch as an effective form of therapeutic communication. Baby Boomers
question everything, Generation X talks in soundbites and multitasks, and Millennials are
technologically literate.
Yoost Test Bank
Section I: Nursing Foundations, History, and Theories (Questions 1–15)
1. A group of nursing students is discussing the impact of non-nursing theories in clinical
practice. Which theory should the students prioritize when organizing patient care based on
physiologic and psychologic needs?
A. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
B. Paul's Critical-Thinking Theory
C. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
D. Rosenstock's Health Belief Model
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs specifies the psychological and physiologic factors
that affect each person's physical and mental health. The nurse's understanding of these factors
helps with formulating nursing diagnoses that address the patient's needs and values to
prioritize care. Erikson's theory addresses development across the lifespan, Rosenstock's model
explains health behavior compliance, and Paul's theory focuses on critical thinking, not care
prioritization.
2. A nursing student is preparing study notes from a recent lecture on nursing history. The
student should credit Florence Nightingale for which definition of nursing?
A. The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
B. The nurse needs to focus on interpersonal processes between nurse and patient.
C. The nurse assists the patient with essential functions toward independence.
D. Human beings are interacting in continuous motion as energy fields.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's (1860) concept of the environment emphasized
prevention and clean air, water, and housing. This theory states that the imbalance between the
patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health and does not allow for
conservation of energy. Hildegard Peplau focused on the interpersonal process, Virginia
,Henderson described assisting with essential functions, and Martha Rogers developed the
Science of Unitary Human Beings.
3. The nurse identifies which nurse established the American Red Cross during the Civil War?
A. Dorothea Dix
B. Linda Richards
C. Lena Higbee
D. Clara Barton
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Clara Barton practiced nursing in the Civil War and established the American Red
Cross. Dorothea Dix was the head of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which was a forerunner of
the Army Nurse Corps. Linda Richards was America's first trained nurse, and Lena Higbee was
Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps and was awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.
4. The nursing instructor is researching the five proficiencies regarded as essential for
students and professionals. Which organization added safety as a sixth competency?
A. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
B. Institute of Medicine (IOM)
C. American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
D. National League for Nursing (NLN)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Institute of Medicine report Health Professions Education: A Bridge to
Quality (2003) outlines five core competencies: patient-centered care, interdisciplinary
teamwork, use of evidence-based medicine, quality improvement, and use of information
technology. QSEN added safety as a sixth competency to address the need for nurses to
minimize risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness and
individual performance.
5. The nurse is caring for a patient who will be discharged home following surgical repair of a
broken shoulder. The patient tells the nurse, "I don't have anyone at home who can help me
cook my meals." When demonstrating the adaptability of the nursing process, the nurse
should carry out which task?
,A. Adjust the patient's care plan so that nursing goals can be met.
B. Consult the care provider about extending the patient's hospitalization.
C. Abandon the plan of care as not able to be done.
D. Discharge the patient without addressing the concern.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nursing process is cyclic and adaptable. When patient circumstances change,
the nurse must adjust the care plan to meet the patient's needs. Consulting the provider about
extending hospitalization may not be appropriate if the patient is medically stable. Abandoning
the plan or ignoring the concern would be unsafe and unprofessional.
6. The nurse recognizes which nursing theorist who described the relationship between the
nurse and the patient as an interpersonal and therapeutic process?
A. Virginia Henderson
B. Betty Neuman
C. Imogene King
D. Hildegard Peplau
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hildegard Peplau focused on the roles played by the nurse and the interpersonal
process between a nurse and a patient. The interpersonal process occurs in overlapping phases:
orientation, working, and resolution. Betty Neuman's Systems Model is holistic, Virginia
Henderson described substitutive/supplementary/complementary roles, and Imogene King
developed the Theory of Goal Attainment.
7. The nurse is discussing the impact of nursing theories on clinical practice. Which nursing
theory is based on the human being as an adaptive open system?
A. Watson's Theory of Caring
B. Roy's Adaptation Model
C. Parse's Human Becoming Theory
D. Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Roy's Adaptation Model is based on the human being as an adaptive open
system. The person adapts by meeting physiologic-physical needs, developing a positive self-
, concept, performing social role functions, and balancing dependence and independence.
Watson's theory is based on caring, Parse's theory views the person as a constantly changing
being, and Rogers developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings.
8. A patient of Mexican-American descent typically arrives 10 to 15 minutes late to every
appointment. Based on an understanding of first-order beliefs, what characteristics can the
nurse associate with this level of beliefs? (Select all that apply.)
A. First-order beliefs serve as the basis of a person's belief system.
B. First-order beliefs begin to develop in early adolescence.
C. First-order beliefs are completely formed in childhood.
D. People seldom question their first-order beliefs.
E. Challenging a patient's first-order beliefs may cause cognitive upset.
Correct Answer: A, D, E
Rationale: First-order beliefs serve as the foundation of an individual's belief system. People
begin developing these beliefs in early childhood through direct experiences and information
from authority figures. People seldom question their first-order beliefs because doing so would
require extensive rethinking. Challenging these beliefs may cause cognitive upset. They are not
completely formed in childhood and continue to develop into adulthood.
9. A patient who served in World War II is being admitted for pneumonia. Based on
generational cohort characteristics, what should the nurse do when establishing rapport?
A. Shake the patient's hand and allow time to "warm up."
B. Expect the patient to be optimistic and question everything.
C. Allow the patient to multitask and talk in short "soundbites."
D. Understand that the patient is probably technologically literate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Veterans (born before 1945) respect authority, are detail oriented, communicate
in a discrete, formal, respectful way, may be slow to warm up, value family and community, and
accept physical touch as an effective form of therapeutic communication. Baby Boomers
question everything, Generation X talks in soundbites and multitasks, and Millennials are
technologically literate.
