Page 1 of 73
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 11TH EDITION
(VISOVSKY, ZAMBROSKI & HOSLER) EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS LATEST
EDITION 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition (Visovsky, Zambroski & Hosler)
— Questions with Rationales
SECTION 1: PHARMACOLOGY AND THE NURSING PROCESS IN LPN PRACTICE
(Questions 1–12)
1. A nurse is developing a human needs statement for a patient who has a new
diagnosis of heart failure. Identification of human needs statements occurs with
which of these activities?
A. Collection of patient data
B. Administering interventions
C. Deciding on patient outcomes
D. Documenting the patient's behavior
Answer: A
Rationale: Identification of human needs statements occurs with the collection of
patient data, which is the assessment phase of the nursing process. The nurse gathers
subjective and objective data to identify actual or potential health problems, including
those related to drug therapy.
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2. A patient is to receive oral guaifenesin twice a day. Today, the nurse was busy and
gave the medication 2 hours after the scheduled dose was due. What type of
problem does this represent?
A. Right time
B. Right dose
C. Right route
D. Right medication
Answer: A
Rationale: "Right time" is correct because the medication was given more than 30
minutes after the scheduled dose was due. The nurse violated the right time principle of
medication administration.
3. The nurse has been monitoring the patient's progress on a new drug regimen
since the first dose and documenting the patient's therapeutic response to the
medication. Which phase of the nursing process do these actions illustrate?
A. Human needs statement
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Answer: D
Rationale: Monitoring the patient's progress and documenting the therapeutic
response to medication illustrates the evaluation phase of the nursing process.
Evaluation involves determining the patient's response to nursing interventions and
drug therapy.
4. The nurse is assigned to a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Which statement best illustrates an outcome criterion for this patient?
A. The patient will follow instructions.
B. The patient will not experience complications.
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C. The patient will demonstrate correct blood glucose testing technique.
D. The patient will adhere to the new insulin treatment regimen.
Answer: C
Rationale: "The patient will demonstrate correct blood glucose testing technique" is a
measurable, specific outcome criterion. Outcome criteria must be patient-centered,
measurable, and time-specific. The other options are too vague.
5. Which activity best reflects the implementation phase of the nursing process for
the patient who is newly diagnosed with hypertension?
A. Providing education on keeping a journal of blood pressure readings
B. Setting goals and outcome criteria with the patient's input
C. Recording a drug history regarding over-the-counter medications used at home
D. Formulating human needs statements regarding deficient knowledge related to the
new treatment regimen
Answer: A
Rationale: Providing education on keeping a journal of blood pressure readings is an
implementation action—the actual performance of a nursing intervention. Setting goals
is planning; recording drug history is assessment; formulating human needs statements
is diagnosis.
6. The medication order reads, "Give ondansetron 4 mg, 30 minutes before
beginning chemotherapy to prevent nausea." The nurse notes that the route is
missing from the order. What is the nurse's best action?
A. Give the medication intravenously because the patient might vomit.
B. Give the medication orally because the tablets are available in 4-mg doses.
C. Contact the prescriber to clarify the route of the medication ordered.
D. Hold the medication until the prescriber returns to make rounds.
Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse must contact the prescriber to clarify the route of the medication
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ordered. A complete medication order must include the drug name, dose, route, and
frequency. The nurse cannot assume a route without clarification.
7. When the nurse considers the timing of a drug dose, which factor is appropriate
to consider when deciding when to give a drug?
A. The patient's ability to swallow
B. The patient's height
C. The patient's last meal
D. The patient's allergies
Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's last meal is appropriate to consider because food can affect
drug absorption and some medications must be given with or without food.
8. The nurse is performing an assessment of a newly admitted patient. Which is an
example of subjective data?
A. Weight 155 pounds
B. Pulse 72 beats/minute
C. The patient reports that he uses the herbal product ginkgo
D. The patient's complete blood count results
Answer: C
Rationale: Subjective data includes information that the patient reports, such as the
use of herbal products. Objective data includes measurable findings such as weight,
pulse, and laboratory results.
9. When giving medications, the nurse will follow the rights of medication
administration. Which of the following are additional rights beyond the commonly
cited "five rights"?
A. Right documentation and right reason
B. Right height and right weight
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 11TH EDITION
(VISOVSKY, ZAMBROSKI & HOSLER) EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS LATEST
EDITION 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition (Visovsky, Zambroski & Hosler)
— Questions with Rationales
SECTION 1: PHARMACOLOGY AND THE NURSING PROCESS IN LPN PRACTICE
(Questions 1–12)
1. A nurse is developing a human needs statement for a patient who has a new
diagnosis of heart failure. Identification of human needs statements occurs with
which of these activities?
A. Collection of patient data
B. Administering interventions
C. Deciding on patient outcomes
D. Documenting the patient's behavior
Answer: A
Rationale: Identification of human needs statements occurs with the collection of
patient data, which is the assessment phase of the nursing process. The nurse gathers
subjective and objective data to identify actual or potential health problems, including
those related to drug therapy.
, Page 2 of 73
2. A patient is to receive oral guaifenesin twice a day. Today, the nurse was busy and
gave the medication 2 hours after the scheduled dose was due. What type of
problem does this represent?
A. Right time
B. Right dose
C. Right route
D. Right medication
Answer: A
Rationale: "Right time" is correct because the medication was given more than 30
minutes after the scheduled dose was due. The nurse violated the right time principle of
medication administration.
3. The nurse has been monitoring the patient's progress on a new drug regimen
since the first dose and documenting the patient's therapeutic response to the
medication. Which phase of the nursing process do these actions illustrate?
A. Human needs statement
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Answer: D
Rationale: Monitoring the patient's progress and documenting the therapeutic
response to medication illustrates the evaluation phase of the nursing process.
Evaluation involves determining the patient's response to nursing interventions and
drug therapy.
4. The nurse is assigned to a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Which statement best illustrates an outcome criterion for this patient?
A. The patient will follow instructions.
B. The patient will not experience complications.
, Page 3 of 73
C. The patient will demonstrate correct blood glucose testing technique.
D. The patient will adhere to the new insulin treatment regimen.
Answer: C
Rationale: "The patient will demonstrate correct blood glucose testing technique" is a
measurable, specific outcome criterion. Outcome criteria must be patient-centered,
measurable, and time-specific. The other options are too vague.
5. Which activity best reflects the implementation phase of the nursing process for
the patient who is newly diagnosed with hypertension?
A. Providing education on keeping a journal of blood pressure readings
B. Setting goals and outcome criteria with the patient's input
C. Recording a drug history regarding over-the-counter medications used at home
D. Formulating human needs statements regarding deficient knowledge related to the
new treatment regimen
Answer: A
Rationale: Providing education on keeping a journal of blood pressure readings is an
implementation action—the actual performance of a nursing intervention. Setting goals
is planning; recording drug history is assessment; formulating human needs statements
is diagnosis.
6. The medication order reads, "Give ondansetron 4 mg, 30 minutes before
beginning chemotherapy to prevent nausea." The nurse notes that the route is
missing from the order. What is the nurse's best action?
A. Give the medication intravenously because the patient might vomit.
B. Give the medication orally because the tablets are available in 4-mg doses.
C. Contact the prescriber to clarify the route of the medication ordered.
D. Hold the medication until the prescriber returns to make rounds.
Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse must contact the prescriber to clarify the route of the medication
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ordered. A complete medication order must include the drug name, dose, route, and
frequency. The nurse cannot assume a route without clarification.
7. When the nurse considers the timing of a drug dose, which factor is appropriate
to consider when deciding when to give a drug?
A. The patient's ability to swallow
B. The patient's height
C. The patient's last meal
D. The patient's allergies
Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's last meal is appropriate to consider because food can affect
drug absorption and some medications must be given with or without food.
8. The nurse is performing an assessment of a newly admitted patient. Which is an
example of subjective data?
A. Weight 155 pounds
B. Pulse 72 beats/minute
C. The patient reports that he uses the herbal product ginkgo
D. The patient's complete blood count results
Answer: C
Rationale: Subjective data includes information that the patient reports, such as the
use of herbal products. Objective data includes measurable findings such as weight,
pulse, and laboratory results.
9. When giving medications, the nurse will follow the rights of medication
administration. Which of the following are additional rights beyond the commonly
cited "five rights"?
A. Right documentation and right reason
B. Right height and right weight
