NR 228 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING QUESTIONS & ANSWERS |…
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NR 228 Final Exam
2026/2027 | Comprehensive
Nursing Questions &
Answers | Latest Final Exam
Review (Rationales)
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales 88 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This comprehensive nursing review document contains 88 questions with pre-supplied
correct answers and detailed rationales, covering essential nursing knowledge. It serves as
an invaluable resource for students to study, review course material, and prepare for
certification exams in nursing.
TOPICS
Micronutrients & Fluid/Electrolytes Q1–Q18
Gastrointestinal Disorders & Nutrition Q19–Q45
Macronutrients & Energy Metabolism Q46–Q70
Cardiovascular & Metabolic Conditions Q71–Q82
Special Populations & Conditions Q83–Q88
Page 1
, E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 88
What are some causes of fluid retention? (select all that apply)
RESPONSE
A. Excess sodium/sodium retention
B. Kwashiorkor
C. Water intoxication
RATIONALE
Excess sodium prompts the kidneys to retain water to maintain osmotic balance, leading to fluid
retention. Kwashiorkor, a severe protein deficiency, reduces plasma oncotic pressure, causing fluid
to shift from vasculature into interstitial spaces. Water intoxication dilutes serum sodium,
triggering antidiuretic hormone release and subsequent water reabsorption.
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 88
What can cause a sodium deficiency? (select all that apply)
A. Dehydration
B. Hypernatremia
C. Diarrhea
D. Liver Disease
RESPONSE
A. Dehydration
C. Diarrhea
RATIONALE
Conditions leading to a sodium deficiency (hyponatremia) involve excessive fluid loss or impaired
sodium regulation. Excessive loss of gastrointestinal fluids, such as from diarrhea, depletes both
water and sodium, but often proportionally more water, leading to a relative sodium deficit.
Page 2
, Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 88
What complications are related to gestational diabetes? (select all that apply)
A. premature birth
B. congenital abnormalities
C. fetal death
D. type 2 diabetes later in mother
E. macrosomia
RESPONSE
A. premature birth
B. congenital abnormalities
C. fetal death
D. type 2 diabetes later in mother
E. macrosomia
RATIONALE
Uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy can lead to significant fetal and maternal
complications. These include increased risks of prematurity, congenital malformations due to
altered embryonic development, fetal demise, excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), and a
heightened likelihood of the mother developing type 2 diabetes postpartum.
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 88
What could cause infant hypoglycemia?
RESPONSE
When the mother had consistently high blood sugar during pregnancy so the baby gets used to
having high blood sugar and gets used to producing high levels of insulin
RATIONALE
Maternal hyperglycemia during gestation leads to increased fetal insulin production. Following
birth, the neonate continues to secrete elevated insulin levels in response to a sudden drop in
maternal glucose supply, resulting in hypoglycemia. This creates a state of insulin excess relative to
available glucose.
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 88
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Page 3
, RESPONSE
A, D, E, K
RATIONALE
These vitamins are fat-soluble because they require dietary fat for absorption in the small intestine
and can be stored in the body's adipose tissue and liver. Their lipophilic nature dictates their
absorption, transport, and storage mechanisms. The specific vitamins fitting this classification are
A, D, E, and K.
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 88
Beriberi is related to what vitamin deficiency?
RESPONSE
B1 Thiamine
RATIONALE
Beriberi is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency in thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. This
deficiency impairs carbohydrate metabolism, leading to neurological and cardiovascular
symptoms. Therefore, the correct identification of the causative vitamin is crucial for
understanding and managing this condition.
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 88
What are some food sources of B1 Thiamine?
RESPONSE
lean pork, whole grains and flours, legumes, seeds and nuts
RATIONALE
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve
function. Dietary sources are primarily found in animal products like lean pork and plant-based
foods including whole grains, legumes, and nuts. These foods provide the body with adequate
thiamine to support energy production and neurological processes.
Page 4
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NR 228 Final Exam
2026/2027 | Comprehensive
Nursing Questions &
Answers | Latest Final Exam
Review (Rationales)
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales 88 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This comprehensive nursing review document contains 88 questions with pre-supplied
correct answers and detailed rationales, covering essential nursing knowledge. It serves as
an invaluable resource for students to study, review course material, and prepare for
certification exams in nursing.
TOPICS
Micronutrients & Fluid/Electrolytes Q1–Q18
Gastrointestinal Disorders & Nutrition Q19–Q45
Macronutrients & Energy Metabolism Q46–Q70
Cardiovascular & Metabolic Conditions Q71–Q82
Special Populations & Conditions Q83–Q88
Page 1
, E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 88
What are some causes of fluid retention? (select all that apply)
RESPONSE
A. Excess sodium/sodium retention
B. Kwashiorkor
C. Water intoxication
RATIONALE
Excess sodium prompts the kidneys to retain water to maintain osmotic balance, leading to fluid
retention. Kwashiorkor, a severe protein deficiency, reduces plasma oncotic pressure, causing fluid
to shift from vasculature into interstitial spaces. Water intoxication dilutes serum sodium,
triggering antidiuretic hormone release and subsequent water reabsorption.
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 88
What can cause a sodium deficiency? (select all that apply)
A. Dehydration
B. Hypernatremia
C. Diarrhea
D. Liver Disease
RESPONSE
A. Dehydration
C. Diarrhea
RATIONALE
Conditions leading to a sodium deficiency (hyponatremia) involve excessive fluid loss or impaired
sodium regulation. Excessive loss of gastrointestinal fluids, such as from diarrhea, depletes both
water and sodium, but often proportionally more water, leading to a relative sodium deficit.
Page 2
, Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 88
What complications are related to gestational diabetes? (select all that apply)
A. premature birth
B. congenital abnormalities
C. fetal death
D. type 2 diabetes later in mother
E. macrosomia
RESPONSE
A. premature birth
B. congenital abnormalities
C. fetal death
D. type 2 diabetes later in mother
E. macrosomia
RATIONALE
Uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy can lead to significant fetal and maternal
complications. These include increased risks of prematurity, congenital malformations due to
altered embryonic development, fetal demise, excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), and a
heightened likelihood of the mother developing type 2 diabetes postpartum.
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 88
What could cause infant hypoglycemia?
RESPONSE
When the mother had consistently high blood sugar during pregnancy so the baby gets used to
having high blood sugar and gets used to producing high levels of insulin
RATIONALE
Maternal hyperglycemia during gestation leads to increased fetal insulin production. Following
birth, the neonate continues to secrete elevated insulin levels in response to a sudden drop in
maternal glucose supply, resulting in hypoglycemia. This creates a state of insulin excess relative to
available glucose.
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 88
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Page 3
, RESPONSE
A, D, E, K
RATIONALE
These vitamins are fat-soluble because they require dietary fat for absorption in the small intestine
and can be stored in the body's adipose tissue and liver. Their lipophilic nature dictates their
absorption, transport, and storage mechanisms. The specific vitamins fitting this classification are
A, D, E, and K.
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 88
Beriberi is related to what vitamin deficiency?
RESPONSE
B1 Thiamine
RATIONALE
Beriberi is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency in thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. This
deficiency impairs carbohydrate metabolism, leading to neurological and cardiovascular
symptoms. Therefore, the correct identification of the causative vitamin is crucial for
understanding and managing this condition.
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 88
What are some food sources of B1 Thiamine?
RESPONSE
lean pork, whole grains and flours, legumes, seeds and nuts
RATIONALE
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve
function. Dietary sources are primarily found in animal products like lean pork and plant-based
foods including whole grains, legumes, and nuts. These foods provide the body with adequate
thiamine to support energy production and neurological processes.
Page 4
