life span exam 2 latest updates !!!
2026-2027 | correct solutions with
quiz & answers | highly graded a+
pre Piaget psychology - CORRECT ANSWERS-William james
William james - CORRECT ANSWERS-originally trained in medicine at Harvard but
later shifted focus to psychology and philosophy, established first psychology lab in use
at Harvard and taught early psych courses, wrote principles of psychology
principles of psychology - CORRECT ANSWERS-described infant's initial perceptions of
the world to be blooming/buzzing/confusion/or chaotic flood of sensory experiences with
no initial mental structures or systems for processing, idea was significant because it
suggested that perception and cognition developed through experience (esp. Piaget)
jean piaget - CORRECT ANSWERS-came up with theoretical frameworks, argued for
balance perspective with nature v nurture, Swiss psychologist best known for pioneering
work in child development and his theory of cognitive development (early research in
epistemology was what led him to psych or more specifically how children construct
knowledge)
theoretical frameowrks - CORRECT ANSWERS-what we use in research to explain
complex phenomena (Piaget and vygotsky)
key principles of Piagets theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-cognitive schemas and their
development; how do schemas grow, develop, and change
cognitive schemas - CORRECT ANSWERS-mental representations we build in our
heads of the world as we grow, framework/building blocks of knowledge that help
people interact and interpret the world, idea is central to Piaget's theory
stages of qualitative change and their mechanics - CORRECT ANSWERS-sensory
motor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operation stage, formal operation stage, 3
key principles to quantitative change, assimilation and accommodation
sensory motor stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-0-2 years, building on instinct/reflexes
we're born with, substages
,substages in sensory motor stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-reflexes, primary circular,
secondary circular, coordination, tertiary circular, mental representation
reflexes - CORRECT ANSWERS-0-1 month, learn through motions like sucking or
grasping
primary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-1-4 months, repeat body actions (ex. thumb
sucking)
secondary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-4-8 months, repeat actions with objects (ex.
sucking on toys)
coordination - CORRECT ANSWERS-8-12 months, coming actions to reach goals (ex.
move toy to get hidden one)
tertiary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-12-18 months, experiment with actions (ex.
drop food in different ways), developing object permanence
mental representation - CORRECT ANSWERS-18-24 months, think before acting,
remember hidden objects
pre-operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-2-7 years; symbolic thinking,
egocentrism, contrition, lack of reversibility
symbolic thinking - CORRECT ANSWERS-use words or objects to represent things; ex.
using a stick as a sword or a banana as a phone
egocentrism - CORRECT ANSWERS-assume others see what they see; ex. covering
their eyes and thinking you can't see them
centration - CORRECT ANSWERS-focus on one feature only; ex. saying a taller glass
has more water, even if both hold the same amount of
lack of reversibility - CORRECT ANSWERS-don't realize changes can be undone; ex.
think clay rolled into a snake is more then when it's a ball
concrete operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-8-12 years; conservation,
classification, seriation, perspective-taking
conservation - CORRECT ANSWERS-understand amounts stay the same despite
changes; ex. same water in tall and short glass
classification - CORRECT ANSWERS-group objects by features; ex. sort by shape and
color
seriation - CORRECT ANSWERS-arrange things in order; ex. line up sticks by size
, perspective-taking - CORRECT ANSWERS-understand others viewpoints; ex. now a
friend might feel sad differently than they do
formal operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-12+; abstract thinking, hypothetical
reasoning, systematic problem solving, metacognition
abstract thinking - CORRECT ANSWERS-reason about ideas not tied to objects; ex.
justice and freedom
hypothetical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWERS-think about what if situations; ex.
imagine life without gravity
systematic problem solving - CORRECT ANSWERS-test probabilities in order; ex.
methodically try light switch combinations
metacognition - CORRECT ANSWERS-reflect on own thoughts; ex. thinking about how
they study best
3 key principles to quantitative change - CORRECT ANSWERS-simple to complex,
more to less egocentric, concrete to abstract (2 cups of water --> one is wider and one
is taller but as a child you can't tell that they hold the same amount of water)
assimilation - CORRECT ANSWERS-adding new experiences to old schemas
accommodation - CORRECT ANSWERS-modifying old ones
how do schemas grow, develop, and change over time - CORRECT ANSWERS-
operation are internalized mental actions that enable individuals to start to think about
problems, relationships, and transformations --> act on and with cognitive schemas,
reversible and organized processes; stages
vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWERS-soviet psychologist best known for his work on
cognitive development and the role of social interaction in learning show (how children
learn through social and cultural influences), remained mostly unknown outside Soviet
Union until the 1960s, sociocultural theory and the use of cultural tools
cultural tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-physical and symbolic artifacts that help societies
develop; physical/material tools, psychological/symbolic tools; passed down and
modified through generations
physical and material tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-tangible objects that help people
manipulate and understand environment (ex. computers or calculators)
psychological and symbolic tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-abstract systems that help
structure thought and communication (ex. art, music, language which is most important)
2026-2027 | correct solutions with
quiz & answers | highly graded a+
pre Piaget psychology - CORRECT ANSWERS-William james
William james - CORRECT ANSWERS-originally trained in medicine at Harvard but
later shifted focus to psychology and philosophy, established first psychology lab in use
at Harvard and taught early psych courses, wrote principles of psychology
principles of psychology - CORRECT ANSWERS-described infant's initial perceptions of
the world to be blooming/buzzing/confusion/or chaotic flood of sensory experiences with
no initial mental structures or systems for processing, idea was significant because it
suggested that perception and cognition developed through experience (esp. Piaget)
jean piaget - CORRECT ANSWERS-came up with theoretical frameworks, argued for
balance perspective with nature v nurture, Swiss psychologist best known for pioneering
work in child development and his theory of cognitive development (early research in
epistemology was what led him to psych or more specifically how children construct
knowledge)
theoretical frameowrks - CORRECT ANSWERS-what we use in research to explain
complex phenomena (Piaget and vygotsky)
key principles of Piagets theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-cognitive schemas and their
development; how do schemas grow, develop, and change
cognitive schemas - CORRECT ANSWERS-mental representations we build in our
heads of the world as we grow, framework/building blocks of knowledge that help
people interact and interpret the world, idea is central to Piaget's theory
stages of qualitative change and their mechanics - CORRECT ANSWERS-sensory
motor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operation stage, formal operation stage, 3
key principles to quantitative change, assimilation and accommodation
sensory motor stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-0-2 years, building on instinct/reflexes
we're born with, substages
,substages in sensory motor stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-reflexes, primary circular,
secondary circular, coordination, tertiary circular, mental representation
reflexes - CORRECT ANSWERS-0-1 month, learn through motions like sucking or
grasping
primary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-1-4 months, repeat body actions (ex. thumb
sucking)
secondary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-4-8 months, repeat actions with objects (ex.
sucking on toys)
coordination - CORRECT ANSWERS-8-12 months, coming actions to reach goals (ex.
move toy to get hidden one)
tertiary circular - CORRECT ANSWERS-12-18 months, experiment with actions (ex.
drop food in different ways), developing object permanence
mental representation - CORRECT ANSWERS-18-24 months, think before acting,
remember hidden objects
pre-operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-2-7 years; symbolic thinking,
egocentrism, contrition, lack of reversibility
symbolic thinking - CORRECT ANSWERS-use words or objects to represent things; ex.
using a stick as a sword or a banana as a phone
egocentrism - CORRECT ANSWERS-assume others see what they see; ex. covering
their eyes and thinking you can't see them
centration - CORRECT ANSWERS-focus on one feature only; ex. saying a taller glass
has more water, even if both hold the same amount of
lack of reversibility - CORRECT ANSWERS-don't realize changes can be undone; ex.
think clay rolled into a snake is more then when it's a ball
concrete operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-8-12 years; conservation,
classification, seriation, perspective-taking
conservation - CORRECT ANSWERS-understand amounts stay the same despite
changes; ex. same water in tall and short glass
classification - CORRECT ANSWERS-group objects by features; ex. sort by shape and
color
seriation - CORRECT ANSWERS-arrange things in order; ex. line up sticks by size
, perspective-taking - CORRECT ANSWERS-understand others viewpoints; ex. now a
friend might feel sad differently than they do
formal operational stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-12+; abstract thinking, hypothetical
reasoning, systematic problem solving, metacognition
abstract thinking - CORRECT ANSWERS-reason about ideas not tied to objects; ex.
justice and freedom
hypothetical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWERS-think about what if situations; ex.
imagine life without gravity
systematic problem solving - CORRECT ANSWERS-test probabilities in order; ex.
methodically try light switch combinations
metacognition - CORRECT ANSWERS-reflect on own thoughts; ex. thinking about how
they study best
3 key principles to quantitative change - CORRECT ANSWERS-simple to complex,
more to less egocentric, concrete to abstract (2 cups of water --> one is wider and one
is taller but as a child you can't tell that they hold the same amount of water)
assimilation - CORRECT ANSWERS-adding new experiences to old schemas
accommodation - CORRECT ANSWERS-modifying old ones
how do schemas grow, develop, and change over time - CORRECT ANSWERS-
operation are internalized mental actions that enable individuals to start to think about
problems, relationships, and transformations --> act on and with cognitive schemas,
reversible and organized processes; stages
vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWERS-soviet psychologist best known for his work on
cognitive development and the role of social interaction in learning show (how children
learn through social and cultural influences), remained mostly unknown outside Soviet
Union until the 1960s, sociocultural theory and the use of cultural tools
cultural tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-physical and symbolic artifacts that help societies
develop; physical/material tools, psychological/symbolic tools; passed down and
modified through generations
physical and material tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-tangible objects that help people
manipulate and understand environment (ex. computers or calculators)
psychological and symbolic tools - CORRECT ANSWERS-abstract systems that help
structure thought and communication (ex. art, music, language which is most important)
