BIO 101 - Module 3 Study Topics | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027

BIO 101 - Module 3 Study Topics | Questions with 100%
Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What are the components of a DNA molecule?
Answer: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine,
guanine,
cytosine).




Question: What are the components of an RNA molecule?
Answer: Ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, guanine,
cytosine).




Question: How does DNA differ from RNA in terms of structure and
function?
Answer: DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose and has bases adenine-thymine and
guanine-
cytosine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose and has bases adenine-uracil and guanine-
cytosine. DNA provides genetic instructions that RNA reads and translates into proteins.

Question: What is the hierarchy of DNA, genes, codons, and
chromosomes?
Answer: DNA stores genetic information; genes are segments of DNA coding for proteins;
codons are sequences of three nitrogenous bases; chromosomes are collections of
genes.

Question: What are the main steps of DNA replication?
Answer: Initiation (enzymes unzip DNA from both sides), elongation (enzymes bring new bases
to
each strand), termination (forms two new molecules).

Question: What is the process of transcription?
Answer: Adenine pairs with uracil in RNA, and guanine pairs with cytosine. DNA --> RNA

Question: How do you translate an mRNA sequence into an amino acid
sequence?
Answer: Identify start and stop codons and use the codon wheel/chart.

, Question: What are point mutations and their effects?
Answer: Point mutations change one codon; the protein may or may not be functional.

Question: What are frameshift mutations and their effects?
Answer: Frameshift mutations alter DNA significantly, affecting many codons and likely
rendering
the protein nonfunctional.

Question: What is the purpose of mitosis?
Answer: replace cells, grow, repair injuries

Question: What is the purpose of meiosis?
Answer: To produce haploid gametes with unique DNA for reproduction and genetic diversity.

Question: What are the major stages of the cell cycle?
Answer: The cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis, with checkpoints
ensuring proper DNA replication and chromosome separation.

Question: What are the stages of mitosis?
Answer: Prophase (chromosomes condense, spindle forms), metaphase (chromosomes align in
middle), anaphase (chromatids are pulled apart), telophase (nuclei form around
separated DNA).

Question: What is the outcome of meiosis?
Answer: Produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

Question: What are the stages of meiosis?
Answer: Interphase before division, PMAT, cytokinesis, PMAT, cytokinesis. Prophase I (crossing
over, spindle forms, chromosomes condense and attach to the spindle, homologous
chromosomes pair up), Metaphase I (independent assortment, spindle pulls
chromosomes to middle), Anaphase I (spindle separates homologous chromosomes),
Telophase I (chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell, and new nuclei form),
Cytokinesis I (cell splits into two new cells, with each cell containing one set of
chromosomes), Meiosis II follows the same process as mitosis (PMAT), but without DNA
replication.

Question: What are the pros and cons of asexual versus sexual
reproduction?
Answer: Sexual reproduction is costly and dangerous because it requires specialized cells for
reproduction, huge energy requirements, organisms are put into proximity to other
organisms, and competition for mates is dangerous. The only pro of sexual reproduction
is that it creates and maintains genetic diversity.