PNB 2265 RENAL SYSTEM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three major functions of the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ --
Excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
-Regulation of water and ion (salt) balance (pH/Bicarb)
-Secretion of hormones
How many liters of fluid do the kidneys filter per day? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -
~180 liters/day
How man liters of urine does a human output per day? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-~1-2 liters/day
What is the normal blood volume of a human?How long does it take to filter your entire
plasma volume? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -3 Liters, ~45 minutes
What does filtrate consist of? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Blood plasma without
the proteins
What percentage of the filtrate that flows through the nephron is reabsorbed? What
does the remaining eventually become? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -99%. The
remaining 1% becomes urine
How many times per day does the body filter the entire blood volume? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✅✅ -60 times/day
What are the three major external organs associated with the renal system? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys? What does this artery branch into? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal artery, becomes afferent arteriole
Where does the renal artery enter the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The
medial border of each kidney
Where are kidneys located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Peritoneally at the level
of the lower thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
, What is the main purpose of the ureters and the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✅✅ -Ureters bring urine formed by the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is
stored for excretion
What are the three major components of the internal anatomy of the kidney? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis
What are the two subdivisions of the renal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ --
Outer cortical region
-Inner juxtamedullary region/corticomedullary region: within renal cortex and
interspersed throughout medulla
What are renal columns? What do they subdivide into? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-Extensions of the cortex, project into the medulla and subdivide into the medullary
pyramids
What is the apex/tip of each renal pyramid called? What do they project into? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The renal papilla project into the minor calyx
When the minor calyces of many pyramids merge, what do they form? How many of
these does a typical kidney have? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Major Calyx,
typical kidney has 2-3
Where does the urine travel after the major calyx? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -
The renal pelvis to be transported to the ureter
What is osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The particle concentration
Briefly explain the osmotic gradient in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -If
you were to take an osmonitor to sample the osmolarity in the kidney, you would find
the outer cortex is 300 mOsm, while the inner medulla is 1200 mOsm.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The nephron
What is the glomerulus? Is it part of the renal system? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-Not technically part of the nephron, the glomerulus is a fenestrated capillary and acts
as a critical connection between blood and the nephron.
What is the relationship between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule called? What
process occurs here? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal Corpuscle, where
filtration of the blood coming into the nephron occurs
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three major functions of the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ --
Excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
-Regulation of water and ion (salt) balance (pH/Bicarb)
-Secretion of hormones
How many liters of fluid do the kidneys filter per day? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -
~180 liters/day
How man liters of urine does a human output per day? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-~1-2 liters/day
What is the normal blood volume of a human?How long does it take to filter your entire
plasma volume? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -3 Liters, ~45 minutes
What does filtrate consist of? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Blood plasma without
the proteins
What percentage of the filtrate that flows through the nephron is reabsorbed? What
does the remaining eventually become? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -99%. The
remaining 1% becomes urine
How many times per day does the body filter the entire blood volume? - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✅✅ -60 times/day
What are the three major external organs associated with the renal system? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys? What does this artery branch into? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal artery, becomes afferent arteriole
Where does the renal artery enter the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The
medial border of each kidney
Where are kidneys located? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Peritoneally at the level
of the lower thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
, What is the main purpose of the ureters and the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWERS
✅✅ -Ureters bring urine formed by the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is
stored for excretion
What are the three major components of the internal anatomy of the kidney? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis
What are the two subdivisions of the renal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ --
Outer cortical region
-Inner juxtamedullary region/corticomedullary region: within renal cortex and
interspersed throughout medulla
What are renal columns? What do they subdivide into? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-Extensions of the cortex, project into the medulla and subdivide into the medullary
pyramids
What is the apex/tip of each renal pyramid called? What do they project into? -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The renal papilla project into the minor calyx
When the minor calyces of many pyramids merge, what do they form? How many of
these does a typical kidney have? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Major Calyx,
typical kidney has 2-3
Where does the urine travel after the major calyx? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -
The renal pelvis to be transported to the ureter
What is osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The particle concentration
Briefly explain the osmotic gradient in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -If
you were to take an osmonitor to sample the osmolarity in the kidney, you would find
the outer cortex is 300 mOsm, while the inner medulla is 1200 mOsm.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -The nephron
What is the glomerulus? Is it part of the renal system? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅
-Not technically part of the nephron, the glomerulus is a fenestrated capillary and acts
as a critical connection between blood and the nephron.
What is the relationship between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule called? What
process occurs here? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✅✅ -Renal Corpuscle, where
filtration of the blood coming into the nephron occurs
