ANSC 3040 Midterm Exam with Solved
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
What is a hormone? - Answer signaling molecules that modulate the activity of a target tissue
List and describe 5 types of endocrines signaling - Answer 1) Classical endocrine signaling:
Hormone is secreted by an endocrine cell, enters the blood steam and binds to receptors in
target tissue
2) Neuroendocrine: Hormone is released from a neuroendocrine cell into the blood and
transported to target tissue
3) Autocrine: The cell secreting the hormone is the target cell
4) Paracrine: Hormone is released and diffuses through interstitial tissue to a near by target cell
5) Neurocrine: A nerroendocrine cell secretes a hormone in close proximity to the target cell
What are the 3 ways to classify reproductive hormones? - Answer Source
Mode of action
Biochemical
What are the 5 steps in hormone activity? - Answer Synthesis
Secretion
Transport to target tissue
Receptor binding in target tissue
Clearance
What is the HPG axis? - Answer hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
When is gender determined? - Answer At fertilization (day 1)
What controls gender and how? - Answer X and Y chromosomes
(XX=female, XY=male)
The XY pair in males will be separated during spermatogenesis
Females will always produce gametes containing an X chromosome
Germ cells and somatic are (diploid/haploid) and gametes are (diploid/haploid) - Answer
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (1n)
, When is the first round of differentiation and what do the cells differentiate into? - Answer 16
cells
Inner cell mass and trophectoderm
What does totipotent mean? - Answer Cells capable of differentiation into any type of
embryonic (body) or extra-embryonic cells (placental)
_____________are multipotent cells and differentiate into what? - Answer Trophectoderm
Placental cells
What does multipotent mean? - Answer Cells that are capable of differentiating into any type
of cells within a cell lineage(i.e. placental cells)
___ is pluripotent and differentiate into what? - Answer ICM (inner cell mass)
Any type of cells in the embryo (i.e. endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)
What is epigenetics? - Answer Genetic markers that regulate gene expression (i.e. methylation
and histones)
When does gastrulation occur? - Answer Early embryogenesis
What cells differentiate into the epiblast? - Answer ICM cells that are in contact with the
blastocoele
What do the cells released from the primitive streak become? - Answer Mesoderm
What does the endoderm differentiate into? - Answer Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system
What does the mesoderm differentiate into? - Answer Muscle
Skeleton
Cardiovascular system
Internal reproductive tract
Urinary system
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
What is a hormone? - Answer signaling molecules that modulate the activity of a target tissue
List and describe 5 types of endocrines signaling - Answer 1) Classical endocrine signaling:
Hormone is secreted by an endocrine cell, enters the blood steam and binds to receptors in
target tissue
2) Neuroendocrine: Hormone is released from a neuroendocrine cell into the blood and
transported to target tissue
3) Autocrine: The cell secreting the hormone is the target cell
4) Paracrine: Hormone is released and diffuses through interstitial tissue to a near by target cell
5) Neurocrine: A nerroendocrine cell secretes a hormone in close proximity to the target cell
What are the 3 ways to classify reproductive hormones? - Answer Source
Mode of action
Biochemical
What are the 5 steps in hormone activity? - Answer Synthesis
Secretion
Transport to target tissue
Receptor binding in target tissue
Clearance
What is the HPG axis? - Answer hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
When is gender determined? - Answer At fertilization (day 1)
What controls gender and how? - Answer X and Y chromosomes
(XX=female, XY=male)
The XY pair in males will be separated during spermatogenesis
Females will always produce gametes containing an X chromosome
Germ cells and somatic are (diploid/haploid) and gametes are (diploid/haploid) - Answer
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (1n)
, When is the first round of differentiation and what do the cells differentiate into? - Answer 16
cells
Inner cell mass and trophectoderm
What does totipotent mean? - Answer Cells capable of differentiation into any type of
embryonic (body) or extra-embryonic cells (placental)
_____________are multipotent cells and differentiate into what? - Answer Trophectoderm
Placental cells
What does multipotent mean? - Answer Cells that are capable of differentiating into any type
of cells within a cell lineage(i.e. placental cells)
___ is pluripotent and differentiate into what? - Answer ICM (inner cell mass)
Any type of cells in the embryo (i.e. endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)
What is epigenetics? - Answer Genetic markers that regulate gene expression (i.e. methylation
and histones)
When does gastrulation occur? - Answer Early embryogenesis
What cells differentiate into the epiblast? - Answer ICM cells that are in contact with the
blastocoele
What do the cells released from the primitive streak become? - Answer Mesoderm
What does the endoderm differentiate into? - Answer Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system
What does the mesoderm differentiate into? - Answer Muscle
Skeleton
Cardiovascular system
Internal reproductive tract
Urinary system
