MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Nephrotic syndrome characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids
are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response
that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal
segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is
affected.
Glomerulonephritis An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A
key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs
in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts
neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These
crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that
occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
stuvia 2026-2027
, MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Renal cell carcinoma cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is
affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the
beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and
occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced
cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also
manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may
reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate
induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal
tissue
IgE Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells and basophils. Responds to
parasites and triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and
heparin.
IgM First immunoglobulin formed in response to antigen. Fights blood infections and
triggers additional production of IgG. Present in lymphocyte cells and the first
antibody made by a developing fetus.
IgA Found in membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, tears, saliva,
mucus, and colostrum. Important in local immunity.
IgD Present in blood serum in small amounts and on B-cell surfaces. Receptor for
antigens and helps anchor cell membranes.
IgG Second response after IgM. Main defense against bacteria and can cross the
placenta to protect the fetus against infections, giving it passive immunity.
Eventually replaces IgM.
ICF IntraCellular Fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and proteins.
stuvia 2026-2027
Nephrotic syndrome characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids
are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response
that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal
segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is
affected.
Glomerulonephritis An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A
key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs
in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts
neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These
crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that
occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
stuvia 2026-2027
, MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Renal cell carcinoma cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is
affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the
beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and
occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced
cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also
manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may
reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate
induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal
tissue
IgE Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells and basophils. Responds to
parasites and triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and
heparin.
IgM First immunoglobulin formed in response to antigen. Fights blood infections and
triggers additional production of IgG. Present in lymphocyte cells and the first
antibody made by a developing fetus.
IgA Found in membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, tears, saliva,
mucus, and colostrum. Important in local immunity.
IgD Present in blood serum in small amounts and on B-cell surfaces. Receptor for
antigens and helps anchor cell membranes.
IgG Second response after IgM. Main defense against bacteria and can cross the
placenta to protect the fetus against infections, giving it passive immunity.
Eventually replaces IgM.
ICF IntraCellular Fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and proteins.
stuvia 2026-2027
