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Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytical
C. Experiential
D. Augenblick
____ 2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care
providers must be:
om
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
.c
nonverbal language
ep
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
pr
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
st
statements
te
____ 3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
ng
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
si
C. Current vital signs
ur
D. All of the above are essential history
components
yn
____ 4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical
.m
examination, the examiner must be able to:
A. Differentiate between normal and
w
abnormal findings
w
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions
w
and their associated signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
____ 5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic
statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
D. Published meta-analyses
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____ 6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
____ 7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
om
C. Low likelihood of normal result in
persons without a given condition
.c
D. None of the above
ep
____ 8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals
pr
will show a normal result
st
B. High percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
te
C. High percentage of individuals with a
ng
disorder will show a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a
si
disorder will show an abnormal result
ur
____ 9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
yn
A. Positive result is strongly associated with
the disease
.m
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
w
C. Positive result is weakly associated with
w
the disease
w
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
____ 10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-
based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition
in select situations, settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
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Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making:
intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decision-making (similar to Augenblink decision-
making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and
paired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on
careful consideration and has greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
om
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s
verbal and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to
.c
questions. Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of
ep
uncertainty.
pr
PTS: 1 st
3. ANS: C
te
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of
the health history.
ng
PTS: 1
si
4. ANS: D
ur
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate
yn
between normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions,
including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect
.m
the response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal
findings.
w
w
PTS: 1
w
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and
published meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely
used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a
provider’s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the
availability of evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an
increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-
based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical
decision-making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
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To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target
condition who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a
greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
om
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals
who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
.c
ep
PTS: 1
9. ANS: A
pr
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
st
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
te
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
ng
absence of the disease.
si
PTS: 1
ur
10. ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning.
yn
Clinical decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements
regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to
.m
the prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models
and are specific to certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
w
w
PTS: 1
w
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Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytical
C. Experiential
D. Augenblick
____ 2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care
providers must be:
om
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
.c
nonverbal language
ep
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
pr
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
st
statements
te
____ 3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
ng
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
si
C. Current vital signs
ur
D. All of the above are essential history
components
yn
____ 4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical
.m
examination, the examiner must be able to:
A. Differentiate between normal and
w
abnormal findings
w
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions
w
and their associated signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
____ 5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic
statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
D. Published meta-analyses
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____ 6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
____ 7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
om
C. Low likelihood of normal result in
persons without a given condition
.c
D. None of the above
ep
____ 8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals
pr
will show a normal result
st
B. High percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
te
C. High percentage of individuals with a
ng
disorder will show a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a
si
disorder will show an abnormal result
ur
____ 9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
yn
A. Positive result is strongly associated with
the disease
.m
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
w
C. Positive result is weakly associated with
w
the disease
w
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
____ 10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-
based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition
in select situations, settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
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Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making:
intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decision-making (similar to Augenblink decision-
making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and
paired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on
careful consideration and has greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
om
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s
verbal and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to
.c
questions. Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of
ep
uncertainty.
pr
PTS: 1 st
3. ANS: C
te
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of
the health history.
ng
PTS: 1
si
4. ANS: D
ur
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate
yn
between normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions,
including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect
.m
the response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal
findings.
w
w
PTS: 1
w
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and
published meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely
used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a
provider’s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the
availability of evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an
increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-
based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical
decision-making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
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To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target
condition who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a
greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
om
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals
who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
.c
ep
PTS: 1
9. ANS: A
pr
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
st
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
te
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
ng
absence of the disease.
si
PTS: 1
ur
10. ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning.
yn
Clinical decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements
regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to
.m
the prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models
and are specific to certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
w
w
PTS: 1
w
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