PAT 201 Test #1 | Questions with 100% Verified Answers |
Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What is Pain?
Answer: Adaptive and protective mechanism; among physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional,
and
environmental factors.
Associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Question: What is pain transduction?
Answer: converting pain stimulus to electrical signal transmitted to the central nervous
system.
Question: What happens in pain transduction?
Answer: 1. nociceptors activates due to physical, chemical, and thermal changes.
2. causing ion channels (sodium, calcium, and potassium) to open on nociceptors.
3. creating electrical impulses that travels through axons of 2 primary nociceptors where
it is transmitted to the spinal cord, cortex, thalamus, and brainstem.
Question: What is pain transmission?
Answer: conduction of pain impulses along alpha and c fibres into the dorsal horn of the spinal
cord.
Question: What happens in pain transmission?
Answer: 1. forms synapses with excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the substantia
gelatinosa
of the dorsal horn.
2. forms synapses with projecting neurons across the midline of the spinal cord, where it
ascends to the brain through 2 spinothalamic tracts.
3. carries fast and slow impulses and is connected to reticular formation, hypothalamus,
thalamus, and the limbic system.
4. impulses are then projected to the somatosensory cortex for interpretation, location,
and intensity of pain.
Question: What is pain perception?
Answer: conscious awareness of pain.
Question: Where does pain perception occur primarily?
Answer: cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation.
Question: What is pain perception influenced by?
Answer: genes, culture, sex, age, health, and past pain experiences.
,Question: What are the 3 systems that produces pain perception?
Answer: 1. sensory-discriminatory system
2. affective-motivational system
3. cognitive-evaluative system
Question: What is the sensory-discriminatory system?
Answer: determines the identity, presence, character, location, and intensity of pain; mediated
by
the somatosensory cortex.
Question: What is the affective-motivational system?
Answer: determines the individual's avoidance behaviour of pain as well as their emotional
response; mediated by the limbic system, reticular formation, and the brainstem.
Question: What is the cognitive-evaluative system?
Answer: determines the learned behaviour and past experiences of pain, as well as the
modulation of perception; mediated by the cerebral cortex.
Question: What are Alpha-delta fibres?
Answer: large myelinated fibres that transmits fast and sharp pain that is highly localized such
as a
pin prick.
Question: What are Alpha-beta fibres?
Answer: large myelinated fibres that is associated with sensation, vibration, and touch.
Question: What are C-fibres?
Answer: short unmyelinated fibres that are the most abundant in numbers that transmits slow
dull
pain that is poorly localized.
Question: What is the neospinothalamic pathway?
Answer: fast pain pathway that is highly localized.
Question: What is the paleospinothalamic pathway?
Answer: slow dull pain pathway that is poorly localized; often associated with chronic and
persistent pain.
Question: What are endogenous opioids?
Answer: morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibits transmission of pain impulses, by binding to
specific opioid receptors and neurons.
Question: What are enkephalins?
Answer: most prevalent of natural opioids that binds to opioid receptors.
, Question: What are endorphins?
Answer: produced in the brain that provides exhilaration and pain relief.
Question: What are dynorphins?
Answer: binds strongly with kappa receptors to impede pain signals.
Question: What are endomorphins?
Answer: binds strongly with mu receptors and have potent analgesic effects.
Question: What are nociceptins/orphanins FQ?
Answer: natural opioids that do not interact with opioid receptors that are widely distributed in
the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Question: What are endocannabinoids?
Answer: natural opioids that are synthesized in phospholipids and are eicosanoids, where they
inhibit ion changes by preventing excitatory neurotransmitters.
Question: What endogenous opioids are responsible for the modulation
of many physiological processes of the body?
Answer: endocannabinoids
Question: What is segmental pain inhibition?
Answer: when Alpha-beta fibres are stimulated and are on the same spinal level or segment as
Alpha-delta and C-fibres transmission of pain, where they inhibit interneurons to
decrease pain transmission.
Question: What is an example of segmental inhibition related to?
Answer: Gate theory
Question: What is conditioned pain modulation?
Answer: when an individual has two noxious pain stimuli at the same time but in different
locations, causing pain relief.
Question: What is nociceptive pain?
Answer: pain that is immediately harmful to the body, therefore prompt actions need to occur.
Question: What are the 3 different types of nociceptive pain?
Answer: 1. Somatic (skin, muscle, and bone)
2. Visceral (organs)
3. Referred
Question: What is neuropathic pain?
Answer: non-nociceptive chronic pain due to primary lesions of the somatosensory cortex.
Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What is Pain?
Answer: Adaptive and protective mechanism; among physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional,
and
environmental factors.
Associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Question: What is pain transduction?
Answer: converting pain stimulus to electrical signal transmitted to the central nervous
system.
Question: What happens in pain transduction?
Answer: 1. nociceptors activates due to physical, chemical, and thermal changes.
2. causing ion channels (sodium, calcium, and potassium) to open on nociceptors.
3. creating electrical impulses that travels through axons of 2 primary nociceptors where
it is transmitted to the spinal cord, cortex, thalamus, and brainstem.
Question: What is pain transmission?
Answer: conduction of pain impulses along alpha and c fibres into the dorsal horn of the spinal
cord.
Question: What happens in pain transmission?
Answer: 1. forms synapses with excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the substantia
gelatinosa
of the dorsal horn.
2. forms synapses with projecting neurons across the midline of the spinal cord, where it
ascends to the brain through 2 spinothalamic tracts.
3. carries fast and slow impulses and is connected to reticular formation, hypothalamus,
thalamus, and the limbic system.
4. impulses are then projected to the somatosensory cortex for interpretation, location,
and intensity of pain.
Question: What is pain perception?
Answer: conscious awareness of pain.
Question: Where does pain perception occur primarily?
Answer: cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation.
Question: What is pain perception influenced by?
Answer: genes, culture, sex, age, health, and past pain experiences.
,Question: What are the 3 systems that produces pain perception?
Answer: 1. sensory-discriminatory system
2. affective-motivational system
3. cognitive-evaluative system
Question: What is the sensory-discriminatory system?
Answer: determines the identity, presence, character, location, and intensity of pain; mediated
by
the somatosensory cortex.
Question: What is the affective-motivational system?
Answer: determines the individual's avoidance behaviour of pain as well as their emotional
response; mediated by the limbic system, reticular formation, and the brainstem.
Question: What is the cognitive-evaluative system?
Answer: determines the learned behaviour and past experiences of pain, as well as the
modulation of perception; mediated by the cerebral cortex.
Question: What are Alpha-delta fibres?
Answer: large myelinated fibres that transmits fast and sharp pain that is highly localized such
as a
pin prick.
Question: What are Alpha-beta fibres?
Answer: large myelinated fibres that is associated with sensation, vibration, and touch.
Question: What are C-fibres?
Answer: short unmyelinated fibres that are the most abundant in numbers that transmits slow
dull
pain that is poorly localized.
Question: What is the neospinothalamic pathway?
Answer: fast pain pathway that is highly localized.
Question: What is the paleospinothalamic pathway?
Answer: slow dull pain pathway that is poorly localized; often associated with chronic and
persistent pain.
Question: What are endogenous opioids?
Answer: morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibits transmission of pain impulses, by binding to
specific opioid receptors and neurons.
Question: What are enkephalins?
Answer: most prevalent of natural opioids that binds to opioid receptors.
, Question: What are endorphins?
Answer: produced in the brain that provides exhilaration and pain relief.
Question: What are dynorphins?
Answer: binds strongly with kappa receptors to impede pain signals.
Question: What are endomorphins?
Answer: binds strongly with mu receptors and have potent analgesic effects.
Question: What are nociceptins/orphanins FQ?
Answer: natural opioids that do not interact with opioid receptors that are widely distributed in
the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Question: What are endocannabinoids?
Answer: natural opioids that are synthesized in phospholipids and are eicosanoids, where they
inhibit ion changes by preventing excitatory neurotransmitters.
Question: What endogenous opioids are responsible for the modulation
of many physiological processes of the body?
Answer: endocannabinoids
Question: What is segmental pain inhibition?
Answer: when Alpha-beta fibres are stimulated and are on the same spinal level or segment as
Alpha-delta and C-fibres transmission of pain, where they inhibit interneurons to
decrease pain transmission.
Question: What is an example of segmental inhibition related to?
Answer: Gate theory
Question: What is conditioned pain modulation?
Answer: when an individual has two noxious pain stimuli at the same time but in different
locations, causing pain relief.
Question: What is nociceptive pain?
Answer: pain that is immediately harmful to the body, therefore prompt actions need to occur.
Question: What are the 3 different types of nociceptive pain?
Answer: 1. Somatic (skin, muscle, and bone)
2. Visceral (organs)
3. Referred
Question: What is neuropathic pain?
Answer: non-nociceptive chronic pain due to primary lesions of the somatosensory cortex.
