NUR 185 Inflammation, Perfusion, Hormonal & Shock Management | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027

NUR 185 Inflammation, Perfusion, Hormonal & Shock
Management | Questions with 100% Verified Answers |
Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What is perfusion?
Answer: Blood flow through arteries and capillaries that delivers oxygen/nutrients to cells and
carries away waste.

Question: What is the normal cardiac output (CO)?
Answer: 4-6 L/min.

Question: What sequence describes the consequences of reduced
blood flow?
Answer: Reduced blood flow → Hypoxia → Ischemia → Anoxia → Necrosis.

Question: Define sepsis.
Answer: A systemic inflammatory response to a documented or suspected infection.

Question: What are common signs and symptoms of sepsis?
Answer: Hypotension, fever or hypothermia, tachypnea, tachycardia, lethargy, elevated or low
WBC count, elevated lactic acid.

Question: What is the MEWS score and its significance?
Answer: Modified Early Warning System; a score > 5 indicates a high likelihood of sepsis.

Question: What is the first-line treatment for hypotension in sepsis?
Answer: Vasopressors, specifically norepinephrine.

Question: What does elevated lactic acid indicate in sepsis?
Answer: Anaerobic metabolism and poor perfusion.

Question: What is the core pathophysiology chain of shock?
Answer: Poor tissue perfusion → anaerobic metabolism → lactic acid → metabolic acidosis →
organ dysfunction → MODS → death.

Question: What is the goal MAP during shock resuscitation?
Answer: MAP ≥ 60-65 mmHg.

Question: What are the four categories of shock?
Answer: Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Distributive.

Question: What characterizes hypovolemic shock?
Answer: Inadequate circulating volume.

, Question: What is the primary issue in cardiogenic shock?
Answer: Decreased myocardial contractility.

Question: What defines obstructive shock?
Answer: Physical blockage of blood flow.

Question: What is distributive shock?
Answer: Widespread vasodilation leading to decreased vascular resistance.

Question: Name the subtypes of distributive shock.
Answer: Anaphylactic, Septic, Neurogenic.

Question: What is the significance of the CRP level in sepsis?
Answer: It is an inflammatory marker that is elevated during sepsis.

Question: What is the purpose of IV antimicrobials in sepsis treatment?
Answer: To target the source of the infection.

Question: What does the term 'Addisonian Crisis' refer to?
Answer: A severe adrenal insufficiency that can be life-threatening.

Question: What are the symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?
Answer: Weight gain, thinning skin, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.

Question: What is the feedback loop in hormonal regulation?
Answer: A mechanism that maintains hormone levels within a normal range.

Question: What is the euthyroid concept?
Answer: A state where thyroid hormone levels are normal despite the presence of thyroid
disease.

Question: What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Answer: To regulate metabolism, growth, and development through hormone secretion.

Question: What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
Answer: To produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress.

Question: What is the difference between Addison's Disease and
Cushing's Syndrome?
Answer: Addison's is characterized by insufficient hormone production, while Cushing's
involves
excess hormone production.