NURSING 101 FUNDAMENTALS – ACADEMIC
YEAR 2026/2027 – EXAMINATION 1
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION | VERIFIED
QUESTIONS
DOMAIN 1: NURSING PROCESS AND CRITICAL THINKING
Question 1. Which step of the nursing process involves collecting subjective and
objective data about the client?
A. Planning
B. Assessment
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Rationale: Assessment is the systematic collection of data through interview,
observation, and physical examination. It forms the foundation for accurate
nursing diagnoses and subsequent steps of the nursing process.
Question 2. A nurse prioritizes care for four clients. Which client should the nurse
assess first?
A. A client requesting pain medication for a pain rating of 4/10
B. A client with a respiratory rate of 8 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation of
88%
C. A client waiting for discharge teaching
D. A client with a respiratory rate of 8 breaths per minute and oxygen
saturation of 88%
Rationale: Airway and breathing take priority according to the ABCs of
prioritization. A respiratory rate of 8 and low oxygen saturation indicate a life-
threatening problem requiring immediate intervention.
Question 3. Which statement best describes a nursing diagnosis?
,A. A medical diagnosis made by the physician
B. A clinical judgment about a client's response to actual or potential health
problems
C. A list of medications the client is receiving
D. A summary of laboratory findings
Rationale: A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning a human
response to health conditions or life processes. It guides selection of nursing
interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable.
Question 4. During the planning phase of the nursing process, the nurse primarily:
A. Identifies measurable goals and selects nursing interventions
B. Collects data about the client's health status
C. Carries out the planned nursing actions
D. Determines whether goals have been met
Rationale: Planning involves setting prioritized, measurable client-centered goals
and selecting evidence-based nursing interventions that will help achieve those
outcomes.
Question 5. Which action demonstrates critical thinking in nursing?
A. Following a checklist without considering individual client needs
B. Analyzing data, considering alternatives, and making informed clinical
judgments
C. Relying solely on intuition
D. Performing tasks without evaluation
Rationale: Critical thinking involves analyzing data, considering alternatives, and
making informed clinical judgments. It is essential for safe, effective nursing
practice.
Question 6. What is the purpose of the evaluation phase of the nursing process?
A. To collect data
B. To set goals
,C. To implement interventions
D. To determine whether client goals have been met and modify the plan as
needed
Rationale: Evaluation determines whether the client has achieved the expected
outcomes and whether the nursing interventions were effective. The plan is
modified as needed.
Question 7. Which of the following is an example of subjective data?
A. Blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg
B. Heart rate 88 beats per minute
C. "I feel nauseated"
D. Rash on the abdomen
Rationale: Subjective data are what the client reports, such as symptoms and
feelings. Objective data are observable and measurable.
Question 8. Which of the following is an example of objective data?
A. "I have a headache"
B. Nausea
C. Blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg
D. Dizziness
Rationale: Objective data are observable and measurable, such as vital signs.
Subjective data are what the client reports.
Question 9. Which step of the nursing process involves carrying out the planned
interventions?
A. Assessment
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Rationale: Implementation involves carrying out the nursing interventions
identified in the planning phase. It includes direct and indirect care activities.
, Question 10. What is the purpose of the nursing process?
A. To provide a systematic framework for delivering individualized, safe, and
effective nursing care
B. To increase paperwork
C. To replace clinical judgment
D. To standardize care for all clients regardless of needs
Rationale: The nursing process provides a systematic framework for delivering
individualized, safe, and effective nursing care. It is cyclic and dynamic.
Question 11. Which of the following is a component of the nursing process?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. All of the above
Rationale: The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation (ADPIE).
Question 12. A nurse uses the nursing process to:
A. Provide individualized, goal-directed care
B. Diagnose medical conditions
C. Prescribe medications
D. Perform surgery
Rationale: The nursing process is used to provide individualized, goal-directed
nursing care. Medical diagnosis and prescribing are outside the scope of nursing
practice.
Question 13. What is the purpose of a nursing care plan?
A. To document medical orders
B. To guide nursing interventions and evaluate client outcomes
YEAR 2026/2027 – EXAMINATION 1
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION | VERIFIED
QUESTIONS
DOMAIN 1: NURSING PROCESS AND CRITICAL THINKING
Question 1. Which step of the nursing process involves collecting subjective and
objective data about the client?
A. Planning
B. Assessment
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Rationale: Assessment is the systematic collection of data through interview,
observation, and physical examination. It forms the foundation for accurate
nursing diagnoses and subsequent steps of the nursing process.
Question 2. A nurse prioritizes care for four clients. Which client should the nurse
assess first?
A. A client requesting pain medication for a pain rating of 4/10
B. A client with a respiratory rate of 8 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation of
88%
C. A client waiting for discharge teaching
D. A client with a respiratory rate of 8 breaths per minute and oxygen
saturation of 88%
Rationale: Airway and breathing take priority according to the ABCs of
prioritization. A respiratory rate of 8 and low oxygen saturation indicate a life-
threatening problem requiring immediate intervention.
Question 3. Which statement best describes a nursing diagnosis?
,A. A medical diagnosis made by the physician
B. A clinical judgment about a client's response to actual or potential health
problems
C. A list of medications the client is receiving
D. A summary of laboratory findings
Rationale: A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning a human
response to health conditions or life processes. It guides selection of nursing
interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable.
Question 4. During the planning phase of the nursing process, the nurse primarily:
A. Identifies measurable goals and selects nursing interventions
B. Collects data about the client's health status
C. Carries out the planned nursing actions
D. Determines whether goals have been met
Rationale: Planning involves setting prioritized, measurable client-centered goals
and selecting evidence-based nursing interventions that will help achieve those
outcomes.
Question 5. Which action demonstrates critical thinking in nursing?
A. Following a checklist without considering individual client needs
B. Analyzing data, considering alternatives, and making informed clinical
judgments
C. Relying solely on intuition
D. Performing tasks without evaluation
Rationale: Critical thinking involves analyzing data, considering alternatives, and
making informed clinical judgments. It is essential for safe, effective nursing
practice.
Question 6. What is the purpose of the evaluation phase of the nursing process?
A. To collect data
B. To set goals
,C. To implement interventions
D. To determine whether client goals have been met and modify the plan as
needed
Rationale: Evaluation determines whether the client has achieved the expected
outcomes and whether the nursing interventions were effective. The plan is
modified as needed.
Question 7. Which of the following is an example of subjective data?
A. Blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg
B. Heart rate 88 beats per minute
C. "I feel nauseated"
D. Rash on the abdomen
Rationale: Subjective data are what the client reports, such as symptoms and
feelings. Objective data are observable and measurable.
Question 8. Which of the following is an example of objective data?
A. "I have a headache"
B. Nausea
C. Blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg
D. Dizziness
Rationale: Objective data are observable and measurable, such as vital signs.
Subjective data are what the client reports.
Question 9. Which step of the nursing process involves carrying out the planned
interventions?
A. Assessment
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
Rationale: Implementation involves carrying out the nursing interventions
identified in the planning phase. It includes direct and indirect care activities.
, Question 10. What is the purpose of the nursing process?
A. To provide a systematic framework for delivering individualized, safe, and
effective nursing care
B. To increase paperwork
C. To replace clinical judgment
D. To standardize care for all clients regardless of needs
Rationale: The nursing process provides a systematic framework for delivering
individualized, safe, and effective nursing care. It is cyclic and dynamic.
Question 11. Which of the following is a component of the nursing process?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. All of the above
Rationale: The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation (ADPIE).
Question 12. A nurse uses the nursing process to:
A. Provide individualized, goal-directed care
B. Diagnose medical conditions
C. Prescribe medications
D. Perform surgery
Rationale: The nursing process is used to provide individualized, goal-directed
nursing care. Medical diagnosis and prescribing are outside the scope of nursing
practice.
Question 13. What is the purpose of a nursing care plan?
A. To document medical orders
B. To guide nursing interventions and evaluate client outcomes
