Bio 3001 Final Exam 1 Questions and All
Correct Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
Mendel's Experiments & Mendelian Crosses - Answer 1990, monohybrid, dihybrid, trihybrid
gene, allele, dominant, recessive - Answer gene: coded information in the form of hereditary
units
allele: alternative versions of genes
dominant: determined the organism's appearance
recessive: has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance
homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, pleiotropy, epistasis - Answer homozygous:
an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character (PP, pp)
heterozygous: an organism that has two different alleles for a gene
phenotype: an organism's appearance or observable traits
genotype: genetic makeup, pair of alleles
pleiotropy: multiple phenotypic effects from one gene
epistasis: the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second
locus
mendel's 2 laws - segregation and independent assortment - Answer segregation: the two
alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different
gametes
independent assortment: each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of
alleles during gamete formation
how mendel's 2 laws relate to the phases of meiosis - Answer segregation:
the R & r alleles segregate in anaphase I, yielding two types of daughter cells for this locus.
each gamete gets one long chromosome with either the R or r allele at metaphase II.
recombination recombines the R & r alleles at random.
independent assortment:
alleles at both loci segregate at anaphase I, yielding four types of daughter cells, depending on
the chromosome arrangement at metaphase I.
each gamete gets a long and a short chromosome in 1 of 4 allele combinations.
fertilization results in the 9:3:3:1 ratio in the f2 generation.
, phases of meiosis - Answer 1. prophase - homologous chromosomes find each other &
crossing over between chromatids occurs
2. metaphase - homologous chromosomes are paired up on the equatorial plate
3. anaphase - creation of haploid gametes
4. telophase - nuclei reform - 2 haploid cells
gamete formation - Answer you produce gametes by a variation of cell division called meiosis,
which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell
- meiosis in the human cells occurs only in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
branching diagram for two gene crosses (dihybrid) - Answer
branching diagram for a trihybrid cross - Answer
chromosomes and inheritance - Answer
discovery of mendel, 1900 - Answer published in 1866, discovered in 1900
thomas hunt morgan experiments with white-eyed male fly: genes are part of chromosomes -
Answer wild type: the phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural
populations such as red eyes for Drosophila melanogaster.
mutant phenotypes: traits that are alternative to the wild type, such as white eyes in
Drosophila.
Morgan's finding of the correlation between a particular trait and an individual's sex provided
support for the chromosome theory of inheritance - namely, that a specific gene is carried on a
specific chromosome.
In addition, Morgan's work indicated that genes located on a sex chromosome exhibit unique
inheritance patterns.
why are Drosophilia melanogaster excellent animals for genetic research? - Answer prolific
breeders, small, easily maintained, fruit flies only have 4 pairs of chromosomes which are easily
distinguishable with a light chromosome
A.H. Strutevant, linked genes and gene mapping using cross-over (recombination) frequencies -
Answer Genetic Map: an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Recombination Frequency: the percentage of recombinant offspring depends on the distance
between genes on a chromosome.
Correct Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
Mendel's Experiments & Mendelian Crosses - Answer 1990, monohybrid, dihybrid, trihybrid
gene, allele, dominant, recessive - Answer gene: coded information in the form of hereditary
units
allele: alternative versions of genes
dominant: determined the organism's appearance
recessive: has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance
homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, pleiotropy, epistasis - Answer homozygous:
an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character (PP, pp)
heterozygous: an organism that has two different alleles for a gene
phenotype: an organism's appearance or observable traits
genotype: genetic makeup, pair of alleles
pleiotropy: multiple phenotypic effects from one gene
epistasis: the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second
locus
mendel's 2 laws - segregation and independent assortment - Answer segregation: the two
alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different
gametes
independent assortment: each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of
alleles during gamete formation
how mendel's 2 laws relate to the phases of meiosis - Answer segregation:
the R & r alleles segregate in anaphase I, yielding two types of daughter cells for this locus.
each gamete gets one long chromosome with either the R or r allele at metaphase II.
recombination recombines the R & r alleles at random.
independent assortment:
alleles at both loci segregate at anaphase I, yielding four types of daughter cells, depending on
the chromosome arrangement at metaphase I.
each gamete gets a long and a short chromosome in 1 of 4 allele combinations.
fertilization results in the 9:3:3:1 ratio in the f2 generation.
, phases of meiosis - Answer 1. prophase - homologous chromosomes find each other &
crossing over between chromatids occurs
2. metaphase - homologous chromosomes are paired up on the equatorial plate
3. anaphase - creation of haploid gametes
4. telophase - nuclei reform - 2 haploid cells
gamete formation - Answer you produce gametes by a variation of cell division called meiosis,
which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell
- meiosis in the human cells occurs only in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
branching diagram for two gene crosses (dihybrid) - Answer
branching diagram for a trihybrid cross - Answer
chromosomes and inheritance - Answer
discovery of mendel, 1900 - Answer published in 1866, discovered in 1900
thomas hunt morgan experiments with white-eyed male fly: genes are part of chromosomes -
Answer wild type: the phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural
populations such as red eyes for Drosophila melanogaster.
mutant phenotypes: traits that are alternative to the wild type, such as white eyes in
Drosophila.
Morgan's finding of the correlation between a particular trait and an individual's sex provided
support for the chromosome theory of inheritance - namely, that a specific gene is carried on a
specific chromosome.
In addition, Morgan's work indicated that genes located on a sex chromosome exhibit unique
inheritance patterns.
why are Drosophilia melanogaster excellent animals for genetic research? - Answer prolific
breeders, small, easily maintained, fruit flies only have 4 pairs of chromosomes which are easily
distinguishable with a light chromosome
A.H. Strutevant, linked genes and gene mapping using cross-over (recombination) frequencies -
Answer Genetic Map: an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Recombination Frequency: the percentage of recombinant offspring depends on the distance
between genes on a chromosome.
