NSG120 NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS (LATEST
), (A+ GUARANTEE).
1. A patient who has smoked for 20 years shows a change in the bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often in response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause Trousseau’s sign and Chvostek’s sign?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
,Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, leading to
tetany and characteristic signs like Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s.
3. A patient’s ABG results are: pH 7.28, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and HCO3 24 mEq/L. How would
you interpret these results?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) indicates acidosis, and a high PaCO2 (>45)
indicates the cause is respiratory.
4. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of edema in a patient with
liver failure and low albumin?
A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
C. Increased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B
, Conceptual Explanation: Albumin provides oncotic pressure; low levels lead to decreased
pulling force within vessels, allowing fluid to leak into tissues.
5. During the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which hormone is
primarily released by the adrenal medulla?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. ACTH
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) during the acute alarm phase.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves mast cell
degranulation?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type I
Answer: D
EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS (LATEST
), (A+ GUARANTEE).
1. A patient who has smoked for 20 years shows a change in the bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often in response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause Trousseau’s sign and Chvostek’s sign?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
,Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, leading to
tetany and characteristic signs like Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s.
3. A patient’s ABG results are: pH 7.28, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and HCO3 24 mEq/L. How would
you interpret these results?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) indicates acidosis, and a high PaCO2 (>45)
indicates the cause is respiratory.
4. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of edema in a patient with
liver failure and low albumin?
A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
C. Increased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B
, Conceptual Explanation: Albumin provides oncotic pressure; low levels lead to decreased
pulling force within vessels, allowing fluid to leak into tissues.
5. During the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which hormone is
primarily released by the adrenal medulla?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. ACTH
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) during the acute alarm phase.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves mast cell
degranulation?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type I
Answer: D
