NRS 455 Final Exam V3 | NRS 455 Pathophysiology
| Actual Q&A with Rationale (NRS455 Final Exam) |
Grand Canyon University
1. A patient with chronic smoking history shows a change in the bronchial lining where
ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation. In smokers, the fragile columnar cells are replaced
by tougher squamous cells to survive the smoke exposure. However, this adaptation results
in the loss of important protective mechanisms like cilia and mucus secretion.
2. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of localized inflammation? (Select All
That Apply)
A. Redness (Erythema)
B. Swelling (Edema)
,C. Heat
D. Pain
E. Loss of function
F. Fever
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D,E
Explanation: Localized inflammation is characterized by the five cardinal signs: redness,
swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. These result from increased vascular permeability
and vasodilation at the site of injury. Fever is a systemic manifestation, not a localized one,
mediated by pyrogens affecting the hypothalamus.
3. A patient presents with a potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Tall, peaked T waves
B. Prominent U waves
C. ST-segment depression
D. Shortened PR interval
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperkalemia, defined as a potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L, significantly
affects cardiac conduction. Tall, peaked T waves are one of the earliest signs of potassium
, toxicity on an electrocardiogram. If left untreated, this can progress to widening of the QRS
complex and eventually cardiac arrest.
4. Which of the following are considered components of Metabolic Syndrome? (Select All
That Apply)
A. Abdominal obesity
B. High triglycerides
C. Low HDL cholesterol
D. Hypertension
E. Elevated fasting glucose
F. Elevated LDL cholesterol
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D,E
Explanation: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart
disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The criteria include waist circumference, high
triglycerides, low HDL, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar. Notably, LDL
cholesterol levels are not a formal part of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome
despite being a cardiovascular risk factor.
5. What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Delayed insulin secretion by the liver
| Actual Q&A with Rationale (NRS455 Final Exam) |
Grand Canyon University
1. A patient with chronic smoking history shows a change in the bronchial lining where
ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation. In smokers, the fragile columnar cells are replaced
by tougher squamous cells to survive the smoke exposure. However, this adaptation results
in the loss of important protective mechanisms like cilia and mucus secretion.
2. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of localized inflammation? (Select All
That Apply)
A. Redness (Erythema)
B. Swelling (Edema)
,C. Heat
D. Pain
E. Loss of function
F. Fever
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D,E
Explanation: Localized inflammation is characterized by the five cardinal signs: redness,
swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. These result from increased vascular permeability
and vasodilation at the site of injury. Fever is a systemic manifestation, not a localized one,
mediated by pyrogens affecting the hypothalamus.
3. A patient presents with a potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Tall, peaked T waves
B. Prominent U waves
C. ST-segment depression
D. Shortened PR interval
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperkalemia, defined as a potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L, significantly
affects cardiac conduction. Tall, peaked T waves are one of the earliest signs of potassium
, toxicity on an electrocardiogram. If left untreated, this can progress to widening of the QRS
complex and eventually cardiac arrest.
4. Which of the following are considered components of Metabolic Syndrome? (Select All
That Apply)
A. Abdominal obesity
B. High triglycerides
C. Low HDL cholesterol
D. Hypertension
E. Elevated fasting glucose
F. Elevated LDL cholesterol
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D,E
Explanation: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart
disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The criteria include waist circumference, high
triglycerides, low HDL, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar. Notably, LDL
cholesterol levels are not a formal part of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome
despite being a cardiovascular risk factor.
5. What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Delayed insulin secretion by the liver
