NU110 / NU 110 Exam 1: Integrated Human Sciences
(Galen) Actual Exam 2026/2027 | Complete Exam-Style
Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified — Pass
Guaranteed – A+ Graded
Section 1: Foundations of Human Structure and Function
Q1: A nursing student is reviewing cellular organelles and their functions. Which organelle is
primarily responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria [CORRECT]
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of
the cell, specifically tasked with producing the majority of the cell's ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
Q2: A patient has a superficial scrape that only affects the outermost layer of the skin.
Which type of tissue was primarily damaged in this injury?
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium [CORRECT]
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This choice is correct because the epidermis is composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue, which is specifically designed to protect underlying structures from
abrasion and friction.
Q3: A patient is admitted with a burn injury. The nurse notes the wound is red, painful, and
blanches with pressure, but there are no blisters. How should the nurse classify this burn
based on tissue depth?
A. Superficial (first-degree) burn [CORRECT]
B. Superficial partial-thickness (second-degree) burn
C. Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burn
D. Full-thickness (third-degree) burn
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This aligns with clinical burn classification, as superficial burns involve only the
epidermis, presenting with erythema, pain, and blanching without the blister formation
seen in deeper partial-thickness injuries.
, Q4: A patient with severe dehydration is given an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline.
What is the expected physiologic effect of this solution on the patient’s cells?
A. Water will move into the cells, causing them to swell and potentially burst.
B. Water will move out of the cells, causing them to shrink. [CORRECT]
C. There will be no net movement of water, and cell size will remain stable.
D. The cell membrane will actively pump sodium out to maintain equilibrium.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because osmosis drives water from an area of lower solute
concentration (inside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (the hypertonic
extracellular fluid), leading to cellular shrinkage.
Q5: During bone healing after a fracture, which specialized cells are primarily responsible for
synthesizing new bone matrix?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts [CORRECT]
C. Osteocytes
D. Chondrocytes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This matches the principle that osteoblasts are the bone-building cells
responsible for laying down new osteoid and bone matrix during growth and fracture repair.
Q6: A patient is receiving a neuromuscular blocking agent during surgery. This medication
prevents muscle contraction by blocking the binding of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular
junction. Which step of the sliding filament theory is directly interrupted?
A. The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. The formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin [CORRECT]
C. The hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin head
D. The active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This choice is correct because acetylcholine binding is required to initiate the
action potential that exposes myosin-binding sites on actin; without this, cross-bridge
formation cannot occur, preventing contraction.
Q7: A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences demyelination of neurons in the central
nervous system. How does this pathophysiologic change primarily affect nerve impulse
conduction?
A. It increases the speed of saltatory conduction.
B. It slows down or blocks the propagation of action potentials. [CORRECT]
C. It causes the neuron to continuously fire without resting.
D. It enhances the reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because the myelin sheath acts as an insulator that
facilitates rapid saltatory conduction; its destruction disrupts this process, leading to
delayed or failed nerve signal transmission.
(Galen) Actual Exam 2026/2027 | Complete Exam-Style
Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified — Pass
Guaranteed – A+ Graded
Section 1: Foundations of Human Structure and Function
Q1: A nursing student is reviewing cellular organelles and their functions. Which organelle is
primarily responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria [CORRECT]
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of
the cell, specifically tasked with producing the majority of the cell's ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
Q2: A patient has a superficial scrape that only affects the outermost layer of the skin.
Which type of tissue was primarily damaged in this injury?
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium [CORRECT]
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This choice is correct because the epidermis is composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue, which is specifically designed to protect underlying structures from
abrasion and friction.
Q3: A patient is admitted with a burn injury. The nurse notes the wound is red, painful, and
blanches with pressure, but there are no blisters. How should the nurse classify this burn
based on tissue depth?
A. Superficial (first-degree) burn [CORRECT]
B. Superficial partial-thickness (second-degree) burn
C. Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burn
D. Full-thickness (third-degree) burn
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This aligns with clinical burn classification, as superficial burns involve only the
epidermis, presenting with erythema, pain, and blanching without the blister formation
seen in deeper partial-thickness injuries.
, Q4: A patient with severe dehydration is given an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline.
What is the expected physiologic effect of this solution on the patient’s cells?
A. Water will move into the cells, causing them to swell and potentially burst.
B. Water will move out of the cells, causing them to shrink. [CORRECT]
C. There will be no net movement of water, and cell size will remain stable.
D. The cell membrane will actively pump sodium out to maintain equilibrium.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because osmosis drives water from an area of lower solute
concentration (inside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (the hypertonic
extracellular fluid), leading to cellular shrinkage.
Q5: During bone healing after a fracture, which specialized cells are primarily responsible for
synthesizing new bone matrix?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts [CORRECT]
C. Osteocytes
D. Chondrocytes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This matches the principle that osteoblasts are the bone-building cells
responsible for laying down new osteoid and bone matrix during growth and fracture repair.
Q6: A patient is receiving a neuromuscular blocking agent during surgery. This medication
prevents muscle contraction by blocking the binding of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular
junction. Which step of the sliding filament theory is directly interrupted?
A. The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. The formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin [CORRECT]
C. The hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin head
D. The active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This choice is correct because acetylcholine binding is required to initiate the
action potential that exposes myosin-binding sites on actin; without this, cross-bridge
formation cannot occur, preventing contraction.
Q7: A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences demyelination of neurons in the central
nervous system. How does this pathophysiologic change primarily affect nerve impulse
conduction?
A. It increases the speed of saltatory conduction.
B. It slows down or blocks the propagation of action potentials. [CORRECT]
C. It causes the neuron to continuously fire without resting.
D. It enhances the reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because the myelin sheath acts as an insulator that
facilitates rapid saltatory conduction; its destruction disrupts this process, leading to
delayed or failed nerve signal transmission.
