Intro to Educational Psychology CLEP Exam Questions and Answers 2026 | 100% Guaranteed Pass

Intro to Educational Psychology CLEP Exam Questions and Answers 2026 | 100% Guaranteed Pass Token Economy - answer-A form of behavior modification using operant conditioning principles. Every time the patient displays the desired behavior, he is awarded a token (such as a star or a coin) that can be traded for a physical possession or special privilege. Pedagogy - answer-The art of teaching. It encompasses different styles and methods of instructing. Instructional Theory - answer-A theory which focuses on how to structure material to best teach students, especially young ones. This approach can be divided into two general approaches: cognitive and behavioral. Critical pedagogy - answer-A teaching style which seeks to instruct students in how to recognize and rise up against oppression. This area of teaching is influenced by the works of Karl Marx. Law of Effect - answer-A principle proposed by Edward Thorndike stating behaviors with positive outcomes will be repeated while those with negative outcomes will be avoided. Direct instruction - answer-A type of instruction which involves the teacher systematically leading the students step by step to a particular learning goals. This type of teaching is best for learning math or other complex skills, but not for less structured tasks such as English composition. Academic Learning Time - answer-The amount of time the student spends focused on his studies when he is successful at learning the material.Scheduled Time - answer-The total length of the class. Allocated Time - answer-The amount of class time devoted to teaching. Engaged Time - answer-The amount of Allocated Time each individual student spends focused on the class. Active teaching - answer-A method of pedagogy where the teacher actively looks for ways to improve the students' knowledge of a subject. Ways of doing this include actively presenting concepts, checking to see if the students understand, and reteaching any trouble areas for the students. Generative learning - answer-A type of learning where the teacher encourages the students to find their own meaning in learning. The teacher will show relationships between the new subject matter and past learning and will encourage the students to have confidence in their own ability to make these connections. Two-sigma problem - answer-According to researcher Benjamin Bloom, students with individual tutors generally perform two standard deviations (two "sigmas") above those in average classrooms. Norm-Referenced Testing - answer-A testing procedure that measures an individual student's score relative to those of a representative group of students. These tests are used to rank students based on their skill levels compared to their peers. Criterion-Referenced Testing - answer-A testing procedure that measures a student's mastery of a particular skill or understanding of a certain concept. The purpose of this kind of test is to measure whether a student has achieved a certain learning objective.Instruction - answer-All sources that contribute to a student's learning. This term includes the teacher, the textbook, the principal, and any others who promote education. Carroll's Model of School Learning - answer-A learning model that proposes that learning is a function of the ratio between the effort needed to the effort spent learning. learning=f(time spent/time needed) Mastery Learning - answer-Allowing each student to reach full mastery of a concept, regardless of how long it takes. Educational Psychology - answer-The study of how students learn and develop. Steiner-Waldorf Education - answer-A humanistic, interdisciplinary form of teaching which emphasizes the role of creativity and imagination in learning. According to this theory, children pass through three learning stages: imitative learning, artistic learning, and abstract learning. ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) - answer-A disruptive disorder characterized by the underdevelopment of certain traits such as impulse control, leading to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. The three types are predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive. Learning Disability - answer-A broad category of disorders in which the individual has difficulty learning in a typical way. Dyslexia - answer-A learning disability which impairs a person's language ability. Those with this disorder may have difficulty with reading, writing, or spelling. Mental Retardation - answer-A disorder characterized by an impairment of one's cognitive abilities and problems with adapting to situations. Individuals with this problem often have IQs of under 70.Cerebral Palsy (CP) - answer-A group of non-progressive motor problems which cause psychical disability. These disorders are caused by injuries to the motor control centers in the brain during birth or early childhood. Epilepsy - answer-A neurological disorder characterized by seizures. This disorder is caused by excessive, abnormal brain activity. Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences - answer-A theory which proposes that there are eight different kinds of cognitive intelligences, none of which are necessarily correlated. The intelligences are spacial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Psychometrics - answer-The study of the theory and technique of creating psychological tests, such as IQ, aptitude, or personality trait tests. WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) - answer-An individually administered intelligence test designed for children ages 6-16. WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) - answer-An intelligence test for adults used most commonly in clinical settings. WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) - answer-An intelligence test for young children ages 2-7. Pivotal Response Therapy - answer-A form of behavioral modification designed for autistic children. This treatment targets key parts of an individual's development, such as motivation or social responsiveness, in the hope that the treatment will spread to other behavioral areas as well.Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - answer-Behavioral modification based on behavioral learning theory. Self-Determination Theory - answer-A theory of internal motivation, the forces which drive behavior in the absence of any external stimuli. A key part of this theory is intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic Motivation - answer-According to self-determination theory, the drive one has to perform a specific behavior not for a reward (extrinsic motivation) but for the sheer pleasure of the action itself. Constructivism - answer-A theory which states that individuals create schemata (mental concepts and rules) based on the interaction between their experience and ideas. This theory is based on the ideas of Jean Piaget. Character - answer-The collection of traits in a person that inspires him to behave honestly, respectfully, and courageously. Simple Moral Education Programs - answer-A type of character education where an instructor discusses moral questions with students. This type of program has limited success. Community-Based Education Programs - answer-A community-centered approach to character education that attempts to apply what the students learn in the classroom to everyday life. Character Education Programs - answer-Programs which teach students about different positive character traits and how to apply them to their lives. Two-Store Model - answer-A model of memory that includes three interacting components (sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory) that together process external information. Although there are three parts, only two of them (working and long-term) are used for memory storage.Sensory Register - answer-According to the Two-Store Model, this is the first phase of memory processing. This part of memory temporarily holds all sensory information. Iconic Storage Register - answer-The sensory register for visual information. Echoic Storage Register - answer-The sensory register for auditory information. Attention - answer-Consciously focusing on specific stimuli. This process prevents irrelevant information from interfering with one's cognitive processes