HNG 540 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2026
What are the actions of drugs that act on the cardiovascular system? - Answers
hypertension control, heart disease, arrhythmia and heart failure treatment
Why are antihypertensives useful? - Answers they lower the risk of heart attacks,
strokes and other complications by helping to lower high blood pressure
What medications help with heart disease? - Answers Statins
Why are statins taken? - Answers to control cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of
atherosclerosis and heart disease
What do drugs affecting the renal system do? - Answers blood pressure regulation
(medications like diuretics) and diabetes management
What do diuretics do it the kidneys? - Answers help control blood pressure and
manage fluid balance
What drugs can help slow the progression of kidney damage in diabetes? - Answers
ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers
What is the indication for nitrates? - Answers to treat and relieve the symptoms of
angina pectoris
what is angina pectoris? - Answers a condition characterized by chest pain or
discomfort when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen rich blood
Example of a nitrate - Answers nitroglycerin
mechanism of action for nitroglycerin - Answers relaxes and dilates blood vessels
(arterioles), increasing blood flow to the heart, thereby reducing the hearts workload
and relieving angina
How is nitroglycerin administered? - Answers sublingually or as a spray to provide
rapid relief
Considerations for extended release nitroglycerin - Answers do NOT crush or break
tablets or capsules as this could disrupt the intended extended release mechanism
What do diuretics do? - Answers promote increased diuresis (urination), leading to
removal of excess salt and water from the body
What drug is the first line treatment for heart failure and hypertension? - Answers a
diuretic
types of diuretics - Answers thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and potassium sparing
diuretics
, how are diuretics chosen for a patient? - Answers based on specific medical
conditions and the patients needs
Example of thiazide diuretic - Answers hydrochlorothiazide (hydrodiuril)
Example of loop diuretic - Answers Furosemide (lasix)
Example of potassium sparing diuretic - Answers Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Indications for diuretics - Answers reduce edema, and lower blood pressure
In what type of patients is edema seem most commonly? - Answers congestive heart
failure, and hepatic (liver) disease
What type of diuretic is usually give to congestive heart failure and hepatic (liver
disease) patients? - Answers a short acting loop diuretic like furosemide
how does hydrochlorothiazide lower blood pressure? - Answers reduces extra cellular
fluid and strain on the heart and blood vessel walls
mechanism of action for diuretics - Answers act on the distal renal tubule, inhibiting
sodium reabsorption
In patients with mild hypertension, what medication can be started and later
reassessed? - Answers a thiazide diuretic
What is the drug of choice when treating hypertension in diabetic patients? - Answers
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors like captopril
What actions do ACE inhibitors have - Answers reduce proteinuria, delay or prevent
the development of diabetic kidney disease
proteinuria - Answers the prescence of excess protein in the urine signifying kidney
damage and a risk factor for further kidney disease progression; ace inhibitors help
slow down the progression
diabetic kidney disease and ACE inhibitors - Answers used to treat diabetic
nephropathy; helps to delay or prevent the development of kidney complications in
people with diabetes
Why are ACE inhibitors contraindicated in pregnancy? - Answers they can interfere
with normal fetal development, particularly in the first trimester
what birth abnormalities (congenital malformations) are ace inhibitors associated
with? - Answers heart and kidney defects, craniofacial abnormalities and growth
retardation
Example of an ACE inhibitor - Answers captopril
example of a calcium channel blocker - Answers Verapamil
indications for calcium channel blockers - Answers vasodilation, SVT, heart
UPDATE 2026
What are the actions of drugs that act on the cardiovascular system? - Answers
hypertension control, heart disease, arrhythmia and heart failure treatment
Why are antihypertensives useful? - Answers they lower the risk of heart attacks,
strokes and other complications by helping to lower high blood pressure
What medications help with heart disease? - Answers Statins
Why are statins taken? - Answers to control cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of
atherosclerosis and heart disease
What do drugs affecting the renal system do? - Answers blood pressure regulation
(medications like diuretics) and diabetes management
What do diuretics do it the kidneys? - Answers help control blood pressure and
manage fluid balance
What drugs can help slow the progression of kidney damage in diabetes? - Answers
ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers
What is the indication for nitrates? - Answers to treat and relieve the symptoms of
angina pectoris
what is angina pectoris? - Answers a condition characterized by chest pain or
discomfort when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen rich blood
Example of a nitrate - Answers nitroglycerin
mechanism of action for nitroglycerin - Answers relaxes and dilates blood vessels
(arterioles), increasing blood flow to the heart, thereby reducing the hearts workload
and relieving angina
How is nitroglycerin administered? - Answers sublingually or as a spray to provide
rapid relief
Considerations for extended release nitroglycerin - Answers do NOT crush or break
tablets or capsules as this could disrupt the intended extended release mechanism
What do diuretics do? - Answers promote increased diuresis (urination), leading to
removal of excess salt and water from the body
What drug is the first line treatment for heart failure and hypertension? - Answers a
diuretic
types of diuretics - Answers thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and potassium sparing
diuretics
, how are diuretics chosen for a patient? - Answers based on specific medical
conditions and the patients needs
Example of thiazide diuretic - Answers hydrochlorothiazide (hydrodiuril)
Example of loop diuretic - Answers Furosemide (lasix)
Example of potassium sparing diuretic - Answers Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Indications for diuretics - Answers reduce edema, and lower blood pressure
In what type of patients is edema seem most commonly? - Answers congestive heart
failure, and hepatic (liver) disease
What type of diuretic is usually give to congestive heart failure and hepatic (liver
disease) patients? - Answers a short acting loop diuretic like furosemide
how does hydrochlorothiazide lower blood pressure? - Answers reduces extra cellular
fluid and strain on the heart and blood vessel walls
mechanism of action for diuretics - Answers act on the distal renal tubule, inhibiting
sodium reabsorption
In patients with mild hypertension, what medication can be started and later
reassessed? - Answers a thiazide diuretic
What is the drug of choice when treating hypertension in diabetic patients? - Answers
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors like captopril
What actions do ACE inhibitors have - Answers reduce proteinuria, delay or prevent
the development of diabetic kidney disease
proteinuria - Answers the prescence of excess protein in the urine signifying kidney
damage and a risk factor for further kidney disease progression; ace inhibitors help
slow down the progression
diabetic kidney disease and ACE inhibitors - Answers used to treat diabetic
nephropathy; helps to delay or prevent the development of kidney complications in
people with diabetes
Why are ACE inhibitors contraindicated in pregnancy? - Answers they can interfere
with normal fetal development, particularly in the first trimester
what birth abnormalities (congenital malformations) are ace inhibitors associated
with? - Answers heart and kidney defects, craniofacial abnormalities and growth
retardation
Example of an ACE inhibitor - Answers captopril
example of a calcium channel blocker - Answers Verapamil
indications for calcium channel blockers - Answers vasodilation, SVT, heart
