PATH 370 FINAL EXAM 2025 (ACTUAL EXAM) | ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION
Why do we often use psychological tests to make (or help make) important decisions about
people? - (CORRECT ANSWER)limited resources ; appropriateness of treatments/interventions
(e.g., how depressed are you)
Why are so many people uncomfortable with the use of psychological tests, especially when they
are used to make important decisions? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Why are both lawmakers and professional organizations concerned about regulating test use? -
(CORRECT ANSWER)Concerned with the results of testing - adverse impact against minority
test-takers is viewed as discrimination...
... unless the test user can show that the test is valid and appropriate (and that there are no better
alternatives).
What does federal law say about testing in each of the following areas? (not in your book!)
Discrimination
Disability
Education
Test-Taker's Rights - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Discrimination:
Who is protected? Why is this relevant to testing? - (CORRECT ANSWER)Civil Rights Act,
1964 - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender.
Applies to a wide variety of decisions - employment, education, housing, etc.
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - among other things, sets guidelines
for fair and appropriate employment testing
1
,Discrimination:
How are the consequences or results of the test considered in deciding whether discrimination is
occurring? - (CORRECT ANSWER)If minority and majority group members get different
scores, is the problem with the test?
Or is there a real difference with another cause?
Discrimination:
Can a test show differences between majority and minority group members and yet not be
considered discriminatory? If so, when? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Disability: How should persons with disabilities be tested? When must schools and other
organizations make accommodations for a person whose disability might impair their
performance on a test? - (CORRECT ANSWER)Education for All Handicapped Children, 1975
- requires appropriate, professional testing of children suspected to have a disability.
-Goal is to determine child's educational needs and meet them.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , 1997 - requires appropriate testing to establish
disability status and educational progress.
-Educational progress tests must accommodate students with disabilities as far as is reasonably
possible.
Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 - prohibits discrimination on the basis of disabilities.
Education: How are tests used in the No Child Left Behind Act? - (CORRECT ANSWER)No
Child Left Behind, 2001 - holds schools accountable for student improvement by assessing
progress on standardized tests.
Test-Takers' Rights: What rights are given to test-takers under federal law? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Test-Takers' Rights
2
,Family Education Rights and Privacy Act, 1974 - parents and students have the right to access
school records, including tests.
-May request a hearing to challenge test scores.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996 - individuals have the right to know
(and control) who has access to their medical information, including psychological test results.
What is case law? How is it different from legislated laws and statutes? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Legislation is necessarily broad.
Details of how to implement the law are often worked out over time.
When there is dispute about how to implement a law, it often ends up in court.
A judge's ruling sets precedent that other cases must follow unless the ruling is overturned.
Within the same court level - state, appeals, supreme.
This means that the judge's ruling essentially tells us what will be considered legal or illegal in
the future.
Why do test users need to be aware of case law? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
What are APA's five general ethical principles?
Be able to give examples of each in a testing context - not just a research context. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
-Do good; avoid doing harm. Consider the effects of your choices on others.
2. Fidelity and Responsibility
-Understand that you are in a position of trust. Be accountable; address conflicts of interest.
3. Integrity
-Encourage accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness.
-When it's necessary to be deceptive, do so very carefully.
3
, -Deception by omission counts too.
4. Justice
-Ensure that all people have equal access to services and equal quality of service.
5. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
-Acknowledge the dignity and worth of all people. -Respect all people's rights to privacy,
confidentiality, and self-determination.
-Respect cultural, individual, and role differences.
In addition to APA, what other organizations or groups have issued standards relevant to
psychological testing? - (CORRECT ANSWER)American Educational Research Association,
Association of Test Publishers, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
What are the four basic rights of test takers, according to the APA principles? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)1. Privacy and Confendentiality
-People have a basic legal right to choose what they share about themselves and who they share
it with.
-Test results must be kept secure.
2. Informed consent:
Does the test-taker know what he or she is getting into?
-Applies to ALL testing situations, not just research!
-This information needs to be presented in a way that is understandable to the test-taker.
-Amount of detail varies by purpose of the test.
3. Knowing and Understanding Results
-Test-takers have a right to know the results of the test.
-Pass/fail? Diagnosis? Score and how it compares to others.
4
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION
Why do we often use psychological tests to make (or help make) important decisions about
people? - (CORRECT ANSWER)limited resources ; appropriateness of treatments/interventions
(e.g., how depressed are you)
Why are so many people uncomfortable with the use of psychological tests, especially when they
are used to make important decisions? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Why are both lawmakers and professional organizations concerned about regulating test use? -
(CORRECT ANSWER)Concerned with the results of testing - adverse impact against minority
test-takers is viewed as discrimination...
... unless the test user can show that the test is valid and appropriate (and that there are no better
alternatives).
What does federal law say about testing in each of the following areas? (not in your book!)
Discrimination
Disability
Education
Test-Taker's Rights - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Discrimination:
Who is protected? Why is this relevant to testing? - (CORRECT ANSWER)Civil Rights Act,
1964 - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender.
Applies to a wide variety of decisions - employment, education, housing, etc.
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - among other things, sets guidelines
for fair and appropriate employment testing
1
,Discrimination:
How are the consequences or results of the test considered in deciding whether discrimination is
occurring? - (CORRECT ANSWER)If minority and majority group members get different
scores, is the problem with the test?
Or is there a real difference with another cause?
Discrimination:
Can a test show differences between majority and minority group members and yet not be
considered discriminatory? If so, when? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
Disability: How should persons with disabilities be tested? When must schools and other
organizations make accommodations for a person whose disability might impair their
performance on a test? - (CORRECT ANSWER)Education for All Handicapped Children, 1975
- requires appropriate, professional testing of children suspected to have a disability.
-Goal is to determine child's educational needs and meet them.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , 1997 - requires appropriate testing to establish
disability status and educational progress.
-Educational progress tests must accommodate students with disabilities as far as is reasonably
possible.
Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 - prohibits discrimination on the basis of disabilities.
Education: How are tests used in the No Child Left Behind Act? - (CORRECT ANSWER)No
Child Left Behind, 2001 - holds schools accountable for student improvement by assessing
progress on standardized tests.
Test-Takers' Rights: What rights are given to test-takers under federal law? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Test-Takers' Rights
2
,Family Education Rights and Privacy Act, 1974 - parents and students have the right to access
school records, including tests.
-May request a hearing to challenge test scores.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996 - individuals have the right to know
(and control) who has access to their medical information, including psychological test results.
What is case law? How is it different from legislated laws and statutes? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Legislation is necessarily broad.
Details of how to implement the law are often worked out over time.
When there is dispute about how to implement a law, it often ends up in court.
A judge's ruling sets precedent that other cases must follow unless the ruling is overturned.
Within the same court level - state, appeals, supreme.
This means that the judge's ruling essentially tells us what will be considered legal or illegal in
the future.
Why do test users need to be aware of case law? - (CORRECT ANSWER)
What are APA's five general ethical principles?
Be able to give examples of each in a testing context - not just a research context. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
-Do good; avoid doing harm. Consider the effects of your choices on others.
2. Fidelity and Responsibility
-Understand that you are in a position of trust. Be accountable; address conflicts of interest.
3. Integrity
-Encourage accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness.
-When it's necessary to be deceptive, do so very carefully.
3
, -Deception by omission counts too.
4. Justice
-Ensure that all people have equal access to services and equal quality of service.
5. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
-Acknowledge the dignity and worth of all people. -Respect all people's rights to privacy,
confidentiality, and self-determination.
-Respect cultural, individual, and role differences.
In addition to APA, what other organizations or groups have issued standards relevant to
psychological testing? - (CORRECT ANSWER)American Educational Research Association,
Association of Test Publishers, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
What are the four basic rights of test takers, according to the APA principles? - (CORRECT
ANSWER)1. Privacy and Confendentiality
-People have a basic legal right to choose what they share about themselves and who they share
it with.
-Test results must be kept secure.
2. Informed consent:
Does the test-taker know what he or she is getting into?
-Applies to ALL testing situations, not just research!
-This information needs to be presented in a way that is understandable to the test-taker.
-Amount of detail varies by purpose of the test.
3. Knowing and Understanding Results
-Test-takers have a right to know the results of the test.
-Pass/fail? Diagnosis? Score and how it compares to others.
4
