ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Complete Review
Pack | A+
Question 1.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is
inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback
b. Neural regulation
c. Negative feedback
d. Physiologic regulation
Correct Answer: Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise
monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs
because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus
negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH
secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the
synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine
(T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to
inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
Question 2.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c. Inside the mitochondria
d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Correct Answer: Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-soluble
hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse
across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
Question 3.
The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior
pituitary via the:
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Hypophyseal stalk
c. Infundibular stem
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels Portal hypophyseal blood vessels.
Correct Answer: Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the
hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which
they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
,Question 4.
Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the
secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
d. Copper
Correct Answer: Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior
pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes,
including the uptake of iodine necessary for the synthesis of TH.
Question 5.
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium Decreases serum calcium.
Correct Answer: Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember that
phos and calcium are inversely related.
Question 6.
Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Correct Answer: Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of
potassium, phosphate, and magnesium.
Question 7.
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Correct Answer: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger
molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside
of the cell. For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor
subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl
cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP.
,Question 8.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of
which type of regulation?
a. Negative feedback
b. Neural
c. Positive feedback
d. Physiologic
Correct Answer: Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to
an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a
regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different
mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of
catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones.
Question 9.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a. Angiotensin II
b. Estrogen
c. Thyroxine
d. Testosterone
Correct Answer: Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second
messenger that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine,
angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C
through a G protein inside the plasma membrane.
Question 10.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer: Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an
important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is
considered an important second messenger.
Question 11.
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
c. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
, Correct Answer: Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the
hypothalamus, ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct
cells to increase their permeability.
Question 12.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
Correct Answer: Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn
off the system. Negative- feedback systems are important in maintaining
hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition
on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone
production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause
various hormonal imbalances and related conditions.
Question 13.
A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Correct Answer: Iodine. The only cause of hypothyroidism from among the
provided options is a deficiency of endemic iodine.
Question 14.
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone?
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase
serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration.
Question 15.
Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Hypercortisolism
d. Insulin hyposecretion
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Complete Review
Pack | A+
Question 1.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is
inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback
b. Neural regulation
c. Negative feedback
d. Physiologic regulation
Correct Answer: Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise
monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs
because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus
negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH
secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the
synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine
(T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to
inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
Question 2.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c. Inside the mitochondria
d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Correct Answer: Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-soluble
hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse
across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
Question 3.
The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior
pituitary via the:
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Hypophyseal stalk
c. Infundibular stem
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels Portal hypophyseal blood vessels.
Correct Answer: Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the
hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which
they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
,Question 4.
Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the
secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
d. Copper
Correct Answer: Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior
pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes,
including the uptake of iodine necessary for the synthesis of TH.
Question 5.
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium Decreases serum calcium.
Correct Answer: Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember that
phos and calcium are inversely related.
Question 6.
Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Correct Answer: Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of
potassium, phosphate, and magnesium.
Question 7.
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Correct Answer: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger
molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside
of the cell. For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor
subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl
cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP.
,Question 8.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of
which type of regulation?
a. Negative feedback
b. Neural
c. Positive feedback
d. Physiologic
Correct Answer: Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to
an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a
regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different
mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of
catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones.
Question 9.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a. Angiotensin II
b. Estrogen
c. Thyroxine
d. Testosterone
Correct Answer: Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second
messenger that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine,
angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C
through a G protein inside the plasma membrane.
Question 10.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer: Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an
important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is
considered an important second messenger.
Question 11.
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
c. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
, Correct Answer: Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the
hypothalamus, ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct
cells to increase their permeability.
Question 12.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
Correct Answer: Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn
off the system. Negative- feedback systems are important in maintaining
hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition
on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone
production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause
various hormonal imbalances and related conditions.
Question 13.
A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Correct Answer: Iodine. The only cause of hypothyroidism from among the
provided options is a deficiency of endemic iodine.
Question 14.
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone?
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase
serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration.
Question 15.
Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Hypercortisolism
d. Insulin hyposecretion
