BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM 2024 FULL SOLUTION
STUDY GUIDE
◉ cellular function requires.
Answer: - a fluid medium with carefully controlled composition
- main fluid in body is water
◉ balances maintained by.
Answer: - collective action of urinary, respiratory, digestive,
integumentary, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, and lymphatic
systems
◉ fluid balance.
Answer: - body water percentages varies
> newborn baby's body weight is about 75% water
> young men average 55% to 60% water
> women average slightly less
- adipose tissue is nearly free of water
> obese and elderly people as little as 45% by weight
- total body water (TBW) of a 70-kg (150lbs) young male: 40L
> needs to be maintained by homeostasis
> varies from person to person
,◉ major fluid compartments of the body.
Answer: - 65% intracellular fluid (within cells)
- 35% extracellular fluid (outside cells)
> 25% tissue (interstitial) fluid (between cells)
> 8% blood plasma and lymphatic fluid
> 2% transcellular fluid "catch-all" category
- CSF, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids
- vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye
- fluids of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
◉ fluid compartments.
Answer: - fluid continually exchange between compartments
> intracellular and extracellular osmolarity are equal
- osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by
the relative concentrations of solutes in each compartment
> most solute particles are electrolytes
- sodium salts in ECF
- potassium salts in ICF
- electrolytes play the principle role in governing the body's water
distribution and total water content
> electrolytes determine where water goes
, > wherever electrolytes go - water will follow
◉ water gain and loss.
Answer: - fluid balance
> daily gains and losses are equal (about 2,500 mL/day)
- gains come from two sources
> preformed water (2,300 mL/day)
- ingested in food (700 mL/day) and drink (1,600 mL/day)
> metabolic water (200 mL/day)
- formed by aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
- sensible water loss is observable
> 1,500 mL/day is in urine
> 200 mL/day is in feces
> 100 mL/day is sweat in resting adult
- insensible water loss is unnoticed
> 300 mL/day in expired breath
> 400 mL/day is cutaneous transpiration
> loss varies greatly with environment and activity
- obligatory water loss
> output that is relatively unavoidable
STUDY GUIDE
◉ cellular function requires.
Answer: - a fluid medium with carefully controlled composition
- main fluid in body is water
◉ balances maintained by.
Answer: - collective action of urinary, respiratory, digestive,
integumentary, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, and lymphatic
systems
◉ fluid balance.
Answer: - body water percentages varies
> newborn baby's body weight is about 75% water
> young men average 55% to 60% water
> women average slightly less
- adipose tissue is nearly free of water
> obese and elderly people as little as 45% by weight
- total body water (TBW) of a 70-kg (150lbs) young male: 40L
> needs to be maintained by homeostasis
> varies from person to person
,◉ major fluid compartments of the body.
Answer: - 65% intracellular fluid (within cells)
- 35% extracellular fluid (outside cells)
> 25% tissue (interstitial) fluid (between cells)
> 8% blood plasma and lymphatic fluid
> 2% transcellular fluid "catch-all" category
- CSF, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids
- vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye
- fluids of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
◉ fluid compartments.
Answer: - fluid continually exchange between compartments
> intracellular and extracellular osmolarity are equal
- osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by
the relative concentrations of solutes in each compartment
> most solute particles are electrolytes
- sodium salts in ECF
- potassium salts in ICF
- electrolytes play the principle role in governing the body's water
distribution and total water content
> electrolytes determine where water goes
, > wherever electrolytes go - water will follow
◉ water gain and loss.
Answer: - fluid balance
> daily gains and losses are equal (about 2,500 mL/day)
- gains come from two sources
> preformed water (2,300 mL/day)
- ingested in food (700 mL/day) and drink (1,600 mL/day)
> metabolic water (200 mL/day)
- formed by aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
- sensible water loss is observable
> 1,500 mL/day is in urine
> 200 mL/day is in feces
> 100 mL/day is sweat in resting adult
- insensible water loss is unnoticed
> 300 mL/day in expired breath
> 400 mL/day is cutaneous transpiration
> loss varies greatly with environment and activity
- obligatory water loss
> output that is relatively unavoidable
