ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Latest
Questions | A+
Question 1.
what foreign chemical do kidneys excrete
Correct Answer: drugs, toxins, pesticides, food additives
Question 2.
summary of kidney function
Correct Answer: excretion of metabolic waste products, excretion of foreign
chemicals, secretion, metabolism excretion of hormones, regulation of acid
base balance, gluconeogensis, control arterial pressure, regulate water and
electrolytes
Question 3.
what hormones do kidneys produce
Correct Answer: renal erythropoetic factor, vitamin D (calcitrol), renin
Question 4.
what is gluconeogenesis
Correct Answer: production of glucose from amino acids by the kidneys
Question 5.
what is the waste product of protein metabolism
Correct Answer: urea
Question 6.
what is the waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
Correct Answer: uric acid
Question 7.
what is the waste product of muscle metabolism
Correct Answer: creatinine
Question 8.
what is the waste product of hemoglobin metabolism
,Correct Answer: bilirubin
Question 9.
what foreign chemicals are excreted
Correct Answer: pesticides, food additives, toxins, drugs
Question 10.
what hormone is metabolized and excreted by the kidney
Correct Answer: peptide hormones like insulin and angiotensin 2
• An important stimulus for erythropoietin production by the kidneys is __.
-✓✓hypoxia
Question 11.
Decreased oxygen delivery in the kidney (hypoxia) increases __ production, that
increases erythrocyte production in bone marrow, which increases erythrocyte
production in the bone marrow, the increase in erythrocytes increase oxygen
Correct Answer: erythropoetin
Question 12.
Vitamin D importance
Correct Answer: metabolism of calcium and phosphate
Question 13.
___ acid and __ acid, generated by metabolism of proteins is excreted by the kidneys.
Correct Answer: Sulfuric, phosphoric
Question 14.
___ are the only means of excreting nonvolatile acids
Correct Answer: kidneys
Question 15.
what organ regulates body fluid buffers with bicarbonate
Correct Answer: kidneys
Question 16.
what methods do the kidneys use to regulate arterial pressure
, Correct Answer: endocrine organ: renin-angiotensin system, prostaglandins,
kallikrein-kinin system control of extracellular fluid volume
Question 17.
renin-angiotensin system
Correct Answer: Renin (kidney) makes angiotensin(liver) into angiotensin 1.
ACE (lungs) makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
Question 18.
Kallikrein-kinin system
Correct Answer: BP reduction, vasoprotection, natriuresis. opposes the
actions of angiotensin 2
Question 19.
what electrolytes are regulated by kidney
Correct Answer: sodium, water, potassium, hydrogen, calcium, phosphate,
magnesium
Question 20.
flow of fluid through kidney
Correct Answer: Fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries flows into the
bowman's capsule The fluid then enters the proximal tubule which lies in the
cortex of the kidney Fluid then flows into the loop of Henley which dips into
the renal medulla each loop consists of a descending and ascending limb the
walls of the descending limb and lower end of the ascending limb are very thin
and therefore are called the thin segment of the loop of Henley. After the
ascending limb of the loop returns part way back to the cortex, its wall
becomes much thicker this segment is referred to as the thick segment of
ascending limb. At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment
known as macula densa. It controls nephron function. From the macula densa
fluid enters the distal tubule which lies in the renal cortex The distal tubules
followed by the connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule which lead to
the cortical collecting duct The initial parts of eight to 10 cortical collecting
ducts joined to form a single larger collecting duct that runs downward into
the medulla and becomes the medullary collecting duct The collecting ducts
merged to form progressively larger ducts that eventually empty into the
renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae
Question 21.
Nephrons that have glomeruli located in the outer cortex are called __ nephrons they
have short loops of Henley that penetrate only a short distance into the medulla.
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Latest
Questions | A+
Question 1.
what foreign chemical do kidneys excrete
Correct Answer: drugs, toxins, pesticides, food additives
Question 2.
summary of kidney function
Correct Answer: excretion of metabolic waste products, excretion of foreign
chemicals, secretion, metabolism excretion of hormones, regulation of acid
base balance, gluconeogensis, control arterial pressure, regulate water and
electrolytes
Question 3.
what hormones do kidneys produce
Correct Answer: renal erythropoetic factor, vitamin D (calcitrol), renin
Question 4.
what is gluconeogenesis
Correct Answer: production of glucose from amino acids by the kidneys
Question 5.
what is the waste product of protein metabolism
Correct Answer: urea
Question 6.
what is the waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
Correct Answer: uric acid
Question 7.
what is the waste product of muscle metabolism
Correct Answer: creatinine
Question 8.
what is the waste product of hemoglobin metabolism
,Correct Answer: bilirubin
Question 9.
what foreign chemicals are excreted
Correct Answer: pesticides, food additives, toxins, drugs
Question 10.
what hormone is metabolized and excreted by the kidney
Correct Answer: peptide hormones like insulin and angiotensin 2
• An important stimulus for erythropoietin production by the kidneys is __.
-✓✓hypoxia
Question 11.
Decreased oxygen delivery in the kidney (hypoxia) increases __ production, that
increases erythrocyte production in bone marrow, which increases erythrocyte
production in the bone marrow, the increase in erythrocytes increase oxygen
Correct Answer: erythropoetin
Question 12.
Vitamin D importance
Correct Answer: metabolism of calcium and phosphate
Question 13.
___ acid and __ acid, generated by metabolism of proteins is excreted by the kidneys.
Correct Answer: Sulfuric, phosphoric
Question 14.
___ are the only means of excreting nonvolatile acids
Correct Answer: kidneys
Question 15.
what organ regulates body fluid buffers with bicarbonate
Correct Answer: kidneys
Question 16.
what methods do the kidneys use to regulate arterial pressure
, Correct Answer: endocrine organ: renin-angiotensin system, prostaglandins,
kallikrein-kinin system control of extracellular fluid volume
Question 17.
renin-angiotensin system
Correct Answer: Renin (kidney) makes angiotensin(liver) into angiotensin 1.
ACE (lungs) makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
Question 18.
Kallikrein-kinin system
Correct Answer: BP reduction, vasoprotection, natriuresis. opposes the
actions of angiotensin 2
Question 19.
what electrolytes are regulated by kidney
Correct Answer: sodium, water, potassium, hydrogen, calcium, phosphate,
magnesium
Question 20.
flow of fluid through kidney
Correct Answer: Fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries flows into the
bowman's capsule The fluid then enters the proximal tubule which lies in the
cortex of the kidney Fluid then flows into the loop of Henley which dips into
the renal medulla each loop consists of a descending and ascending limb the
walls of the descending limb and lower end of the ascending limb are very thin
and therefore are called the thin segment of the loop of Henley. After the
ascending limb of the loop returns part way back to the cortex, its wall
becomes much thicker this segment is referred to as the thick segment of
ascending limb. At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment
known as macula densa. It controls nephron function. From the macula densa
fluid enters the distal tubule which lies in the renal cortex The distal tubules
followed by the connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule which lead to
the cortical collecting duct The initial parts of eight to 10 cortical collecting
ducts joined to form a single larger collecting duct that runs downward into
the medulla and becomes the medullary collecting duct The collecting ducts
merged to form progressively larger ducts that eventually empty into the
renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae
Question 21.
Nephrons that have glomeruli located in the outer cortex are called __ nephrons they
have short loops of Henley that penetrate only a short distance into the medulla.
