ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Exam Prep
Bundle | A+ Verified
Question 1.
Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as
a. monocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue
macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells
Question 2.
Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. Erythrocytes
Correct Answer: a
Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation.
Question 3.
The absence of parietal cells would prevent the absorption of an essential nutrient
necessary to prevent which type of anemia?
a. iron deficiency
b. pernicious anemia
c. folic acid deficiency anemia
d. aplastic anemia
Correct Answer: b
Dietary vitamin B12 is a large molecule that requires a protein secreted by
parietal cells into the stomach (intrinsic factor [IF]) to transport across the
ileum. Defects in IF production lead to decreased B12 absorption and
pernicious anemia. The other options are not the result of this process.
Question 4.
Which nutrients are necessary for hemoglobin synthesis?
a. Protein and niacin
b. Iron and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
c. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate
d. Pantothenic acid and vitamin C
,Correct Answer: ANS: B
Iron and B6 (pyridoxine) are necessary for hemoglobin synthesis
Question 5.
Recycling of iron from erythrocytes is made possible by which of the following?
a. Transferrin
b. Hemosiderin
c. Apoferritin
d. Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Transferrin is recycled (transferrin cycle) in the following manner: (1) the
transferrin-iron complex binds to a transferring receptor on the erythroblast's
plasma membrane; (2) the complex moves into the cell by receptor-mediated
endocytosis; (3) iron is released (dissociated) from transferrin; and (4) the
dissociated transferrin is returned to the bloodstream for reuse. The other
options do not present an accurate description of the recycling of erythrocytic
iron.
Question 6.
Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure?
a. Iron
b. Erythropoietin
c. Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
d. Folate
Correct Answer: ANS: B One of the most significant advances in the study of
hematopoietic growth factors has been the development of erythropoietin for
individuals with chronic renal failure. The other options are not associated
with the treatment of chronic anemia.
Question 7.
The paresthesia that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a result of which of the
following?
a. Reduction in acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic nerves
b. Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord
c. Destruction of myelin in peripheral nerves
d. Altered function of neurons in the parietal lobe
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Effects on the nervous system can occur if a vitamin B12 deficiency causes the
anemia.
,Question 8.
Which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?
a. Increasing rate and depth of breathing
b. Decreasing capillary vasoconstriction
c. Hemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygen
d. Kidneys releasing more erythropoietin
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Tissue hypoxia creates additional demands and compensatory actions on the
pulmonary andhematologic systems.
Question 9.
Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Pernicious
c. Sideroblastic
d. Hemolytic
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia.
• Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 alter the synthesis of which of the
following?
a. RNA
b. Cell membrane
c. DNA
d. Mitochondria -✓✓ANS: C
Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 result in defective erythrocyte
precursor DNA synthesis.
Question 10.
The underlying disorder of which anemia is a result of the defective secretion of the
intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12?
a. Microcytic
b. Pernicious
c. Hypochromic
d. Hemolytic
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, the most common type of
megaloblastic anemia.
Question 11.
After a person has a subtotal gastrectomy for chronic gastritis, which type of anemia
willresult?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Aplastic
, c. Folic acid
d. Pernicious
Correct Answer: ANS: D
From the options available, only pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin B12
deficiency,which is often associated with the end-stage type A chronic
atrophic gastritis.
Question 12.
What is the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia (PA)?
a. Cyanocobalamin by oral intake
b. Vitamin B12 by injection
c. Ferrous fumarate by Z-track injection
d. Folate by oral intake
Correct Answer: ANS: B Replacement of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is the
treatment of choice for PA. Initial injections ofvitamin B12 are administered
weekly until the deficiency is corrected, followed by monthlyinjections for the
remainder of the individual's life.
Question 13.
Which condition resulting from untreated pernicious anemia (PA) is fatal?
a. Brain hypoxia
b. Liver hypoxia
c. Heart failure
d. Renal failure
Correct Answer: ANS: C
Of the options available, untreated PA is fatal, usually because of heart
failure.
Question 14.
How is the effectiveness of vitamin B12 therapy measured?
a. Reticulocyte count
b. Serum transferring
c. Hemoglobin
d. Serum vitamin B12
Correct Answer: ANS: A
The effectiveness of cobalamin replacement therapy is determined by a rising
reticulocytecount.
Question 15.
Which statement about folic acid is false?
a. Folic acid absorption is dependent on the enzyme folacin.
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Exam Prep
Bundle | A+ Verified
Question 1.
Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as
a. monocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue
macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells
Question 2.
Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. Erythrocytes
Correct Answer: a
Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation.
Question 3.
The absence of parietal cells would prevent the absorption of an essential nutrient
necessary to prevent which type of anemia?
a. iron deficiency
b. pernicious anemia
c. folic acid deficiency anemia
d. aplastic anemia
Correct Answer: b
Dietary vitamin B12 is a large molecule that requires a protein secreted by
parietal cells into the stomach (intrinsic factor [IF]) to transport across the
ileum. Defects in IF production lead to decreased B12 absorption and
pernicious anemia. The other options are not the result of this process.
Question 4.
Which nutrients are necessary for hemoglobin synthesis?
a. Protein and niacin
b. Iron and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
c. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate
d. Pantothenic acid and vitamin C
,Correct Answer: ANS: B
Iron and B6 (pyridoxine) are necessary for hemoglobin synthesis
Question 5.
Recycling of iron from erythrocytes is made possible by which of the following?
a. Transferrin
b. Hemosiderin
c. Apoferritin
d. Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Transferrin is recycled (transferrin cycle) in the following manner: (1) the
transferrin-iron complex binds to a transferring receptor on the erythroblast's
plasma membrane; (2) the complex moves into the cell by receptor-mediated
endocytosis; (3) iron is released (dissociated) from transferrin; and (4) the
dissociated transferrin is returned to the bloodstream for reuse. The other
options do not present an accurate description of the recycling of erythrocytic
iron.
Question 6.
Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure?
a. Iron
b. Erythropoietin
c. Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
d. Folate
Correct Answer: ANS: B One of the most significant advances in the study of
hematopoietic growth factors has been the development of erythropoietin for
individuals with chronic renal failure. The other options are not associated
with the treatment of chronic anemia.
Question 7.
The paresthesia that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a result of which of the
following?
a. Reduction in acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic nerves
b. Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord
c. Destruction of myelin in peripheral nerves
d. Altered function of neurons in the parietal lobe
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Effects on the nervous system can occur if a vitamin B12 deficiency causes the
anemia.
,Question 8.
Which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?
a. Increasing rate and depth of breathing
b. Decreasing capillary vasoconstriction
c. Hemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygen
d. Kidneys releasing more erythropoietin
Correct Answer: ANS: A
Tissue hypoxia creates additional demands and compensatory actions on the
pulmonary andhematologic systems.
Question 9.
Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Pernicious
c. Sideroblastic
d. Hemolytic
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia.
• Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 alter the synthesis of which of the
following?
a. RNA
b. Cell membrane
c. DNA
d. Mitochondria -✓✓ANS: C
Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 result in defective erythrocyte
precursor DNA synthesis.
Question 10.
The underlying disorder of which anemia is a result of the defective secretion of the
intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12?
a. Microcytic
b. Pernicious
c. Hypochromic
d. Hemolytic
Correct Answer: ANS: B
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, the most common type of
megaloblastic anemia.
Question 11.
After a person has a subtotal gastrectomy for chronic gastritis, which type of anemia
willresult?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Aplastic
, c. Folic acid
d. Pernicious
Correct Answer: ANS: D
From the options available, only pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin B12
deficiency,which is often associated with the end-stage type A chronic
atrophic gastritis.
Question 12.
What is the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia (PA)?
a. Cyanocobalamin by oral intake
b. Vitamin B12 by injection
c. Ferrous fumarate by Z-track injection
d. Folate by oral intake
Correct Answer: ANS: B Replacement of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is the
treatment of choice for PA. Initial injections ofvitamin B12 are administered
weekly until the deficiency is corrected, followed by monthlyinjections for the
remainder of the individual's life.
Question 13.
Which condition resulting from untreated pernicious anemia (PA) is fatal?
a. Brain hypoxia
b. Liver hypoxia
c. Heart failure
d. Renal failure
Correct Answer: ANS: C
Of the options available, untreated PA is fatal, usually because of heart
failure.
Question 14.
How is the effectiveness of vitamin B12 therapy measured?
a. Reticulocyte count
b. Serum transferring
c. Hemoglobin
d. Serum vitamin B12
Correct Answer: ANS: A
The effectiveness of cobalamin replacement therapy is determined by a rising
reticulocytecount.
Question 15.
Which statement about folic acid is false?
a. Folic acid absorption is dependent on the enzyme folacin.
