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Pathophysiology HESI
Review | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Prep
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, metabolic acidosis causes Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids;
Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes,
starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates),
Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
metabolic alkalosis causes Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids;
Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion
(diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
respiratory acidosis causes Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes:
COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
respiratory alkalosis causes • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin
(anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate
poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
Neuro exams include: -hand strength, limb strength
-ability to follow commands
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
Acute Bronchitis patho infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is
a self-limiting disorder caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on
examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
chronic bronchitis patho characterized by chronic inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils,
macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to
airways and the lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium
occurs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria, which
further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and eventual
scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway obstruction
with air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
Pathophysiology HESI
Review | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Prep
|Guaranteed success|
, metabolic acidosis causes Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids;
Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes,
starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates),
Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
metabolic alkalosis causes Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids;
Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion
(diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
respiratory acidosis causes Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes:
COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
respiratory alkalosis causes • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin
(anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate
poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
Neuro exams include: -hand strength, limb strength
-ability to follow commands
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
Acute Bronchitis patho infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is
a self-limiting disorder caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on
examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
chronic bronchitis patho characterized by chronic inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils,
macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to
airways and the lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium
occurs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria, which
further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and eventual
scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway obstruction
with air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
