BIO 182 EXAM 2 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Founder Effect
Answer: A case of genetic drift - where a small random sampling of
isolated individuals starts a new population.
◉ From lecture 3.4: For a population with the following genotype
breakdown:
AA Aa aa
20 10 10
What would the genotype frequencies be?
Answer: AA = 0.50, Aa = 0.25, aa = 0.25
◉ From lecture 3.4:
For a population with the following genotype breakdown:
AA Aa aa
20 10 10
What would the allele frequencies be? (We will say that 'A' is 'p' and
'a' is 'q' here).
Answer: p = 0.625, q = 0.375
,◉ From lecture 3.4. Calculate the allele frequencies from the given
genotype frequencies.
AA Aa aa
0.08 0.46 0.46
We will say that 'p' is 'A' and 'q' is equivalent to 'a'.
Answer: p = 0.31, q = 0.69
◉ From lecture 3.4: For two alleles at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
the frequencies of the alleles AA, Aa, and aa are given by:
Answer: AA = p2^, Aa = 2pq, aa = q2^
◉ From lecture 3.4: Which of the following are the assumptions of
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Answer: A large population size
Random mating
All genotypes have equal survival and reproduction
◉ From lecture 3.4: In a small population experiencing genetic drift,
which of the following alleles is most likely to go to 'fixation'? (that is
to be the 'last allele standing'?)
Allele name A1 A2 A3 A4
Proportion of allele population 0.01 0.45 0.03 0.51
Answer: A4
,◉ From lecture 3.4: Which of the following is an example of
'heterozygote advantage' - where the best case is for an individual to
be heterozygous (gaining a survival advantage)?
Answer: Possession of HbA/HbS genotype in malaria zones.
◉ From lecture 3.4: Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium? The values in the bottom of the table are the
proportion of the population with that genotype.
AA Aa aa
0.70 0.10 0.20
Answer: No
◉ From lecture 3.3 and lecture 3.5: Thinking about Darwin and
Wallace's theory: Which three things below are necessary in order
for evolution to occur?
Answer: There must be a limitation on resources and a competition
for those resources.
Organisms within a population must be variable.
Some causes of organism variability must be heritable.
◉ Speciation
Answer: The process by which populations of a species diverge to
diverge and form separate species.
, ◉ Phylogeny
Answer: A branching diagram that illustrates the evolution within a
family tree of related organisms.
◉ Species
Answer: A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals
capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
◉ Biological Species Concept
Answer: One definition of what it means to be a species - that
defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully
interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
◉ Reproductive Isolation
Answer: When populations of a species are reproductively separated
from one another (due to a variety of mechanisms) - leading
eventually to separate species being formed.
◉ Pre-zygotic isolating factors
Answer: A barrier to reproduction that prevents sexual reproduction
happening in the first place (between members of diverging
populations of a species).
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Founder Effect
Answer: A case of genetic drift - where a small random sampling of
isolated individuals starts a new population.
◉ From lecture 3.4: For a population with the following genotype
breakdown:
AA Aa aa
20 10 10
What would the genotype frequencies be?
Answer: AA = 0.50, Aa = 0.25, aa = 0.25
◉ From lecture 3.4:
For a population with the following genotype breakdown:
AA Aa aa
20 10 10
What would the allele frequencies be? (We will say that 'A' is 'p' and
'a' is 'q' here).
Answer: p = 0.625, q = 0.375
,◉ From lecture 3.4. Calculate the allele frequencies from the given
genotype frequencies.
AA Aa aa
0.08 0.46 0.46
We will say that 'p' is 'A' and 'q' is equivalent to 'a'.
Answer: p = 0.31, q = 0.69
◉ From lecture 3.4: For two alleles at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
the frequencies of the alleles AA, Aa, and aa are given by:
Answer: AA = p2^, Aa = 2pq, aa = q2^
◉ From lecture 3.4: Which of the following are the assumptions of
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Answer: A large population size
Random mating
All genotypes have equal survival and reproduction
◉ From lecture 3.4: In a small population experiencing genetic drift,
which of the following alleles is most likely to go to 'fixation'? (that is
to be the 'last allele standing'?)
Allele name A1 A2 A3 A4
Proportion of allele population 0.01 0.45 0.03 0.51
Answer: A4
,◉ From lecture 3.4: Which of the following is an example of
'heterozygote advantage' - where the best case is for an individual to
be heterozygous (gaining a survival advantage)?
Answer: Possession of HbA/HbS genotype in malaria zones.
◉ From lecture 3.4: Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium? The values in the bottom of the table are the
proportion of the population with that genotype.
AA Aa aa
0.70 0.10 0.20
Answer: No
◉ From lecture 3.3 and lecture 3.5: Thinking about Darwin and
Wallace's theory: Which three things below are necessary in order
for evolution to occur?
Answer: There must be a limitation on resources and a competition
for those resources.
Organisms within a population must be variable.
Some causes of organism variability must be heritable.
◉ Speciation
Answer: The process by which populations of a species diverge to
diverge and form separate species.
, ◉ Phylogeny
Answer: A branching diagram that illustrates the evolution within a
family tree of related organisms.
◉ Species
Answer: A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals
capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
◉ Biological Species Concept
Answer: One definition of what it means to be a species - that
defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully
interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
◉ Reproductive Isolation
Answer: When populations of a species are reproductively separated
from one another (due to a variety of mechanisms) - leading
eventually to separate species being formed.
◉ Pre-zygotic isolating factors
Answer: A barrier to reproduction that prevents sexual reproduction
happening in the first place (between members of diverging
populations of a species).
